tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55215520401126378602024-03-19T15:17:36.022-07:00Great Castles of EuropeMany years ago these buildings were used for defense against enemies, they were residence of the monarch or a haven for those who retired from worldly life. Now these majestic and beautiful buildings delight the eye of tourists around the world.AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-48087544744481245282013-01-26T15:02:00.000-08:002013-02-13T12:54:58.017-08:00Leeds Castle<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Leeds Castle is one of the most beautiful castles in
England and is often referred to as 'the loveliest castle in the World'. The
castle is situated on the River Len about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of the town
of Maidstone, Kent, England. The name 'Leeds' originates from the name of a
chief minister of King Ethelbert IV ( 856-860) called Ledian (it is not
associated with the city of Leeds!).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leeds_Castle,_Kent,_England_1_-_May_09.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Author: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Diliff">Diliff</a>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">License</a></span></span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 1139 the castle
was besieged and taken by Stephen of Blois who, after the death of Henry I,
ascended the throne in place of Henry’s daughter Matilda. The de Crèvecoeur
family soon regained control of Leeds, and building work continued
spasmodically through the 12th and into the 13th centuries. Some remnants of
this can be traced in details such as the medieval two-light window at the end
of the Banqueting Hall, and the simple arch within the outer arch of the
gatehouse which marks the site of the original gates.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from the </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://rococoreport.com/2012/05/06/visiting-the-loveliest-castle-in-the-world/">rococoreport.com</a></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Name: Leeds Castle</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Location: 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Maidstone<br />
District: Maidstone</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Shire county:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kent</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Region: South East</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Country: England</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sovereign state: United Kingdom</span></b></div>
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Construction: 1119</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Condition: opened to the public</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Website: <a href="http://www.leeds-castle.com/">www.leeds-castle.com</a></span></b></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In the mid-13th
century, the owner of the castle, William de Leyburn, fell into debt, despite
his years of loyal service to both Henry III and Edward<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I. In 1278, the caslte was bought by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a> (1241
–1290), the first queen consort of King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England">Edward I</a> of England
(1239 –1307). Then it began both the long royal ownership of Leeds Castle and
its association with six queens of England. As a favoured residence of
Edward's, Leeds Castle saw considerable investment. The king enhanced its
defences, and it was probably Edward who created the lake which surrounds the
castle. A barbican spanning three islands was also built. Leeds Castle was also
fitted with accommodation fit for royalty: between 1278 and 1290, a
"Gloriette" with apartments for the king and queen were added. </span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Eleanor died in 1290. In 1299, in order to improve his fraught
relationship with France, Edward married the French princess Margaret, sister
of Philip IV. Edward and Margaret spent their honeymoon at Leeds, and only a
few weeks later he made a grant of the castle to his new queen. This marks the
beginning of the tradition that saw the castle forming part of the ‘dower’, or
personal property to be retained after the king’s death, of several queens of
England.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from the <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Leeds_castle.JPG">Wikimedia Commons</a>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Author: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Adusha&action=edit&redlink=1">Adusha</a>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en">License</a></span></span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England">Edward<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>II</a> (1284–1327), however,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>did not follow his father’s example. Instead,
in 1317, after Leeds had reverted to the crown on his stepmother Margaret’s
death, he chose to grant the castle to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_de_Badlesmere,_1st_Baron_Badlesmere">Bartholomew
de Badlesmere</a>, Lord Steward of the royal household. This led to the second
siege of Leeds. By 1321 Edward II’s policies had alienated many of the nobility
and Badlesmere had already joined the king’s enemies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In October, 1321,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Badlesmere's wife, Margaret de Clare –
possibly fearing it was an attack – refused Queen <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France">Isabella of France</a>
and her party access to Leeds. To assert his authority after this affront to
his queen, the King Edward II besieged the castle and captured it on 31 October
1321. Lady Badlesmere was taken and kept prisoner in the Tower of London until
November 1322. </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Following Edward’s
deposition and murder in 1327, Queen Isabella ensured that Leeds passed into
her control and she held it until her death in 1358, when it again reverted to
the king, Isabella’s son Edward III. During<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>his reign, the royal apartments in the Gloriette were refurbished. New
outer gates, with two portcullises and a drawbridge, were also built.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1382, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England">Richard II</a>
followed tradition and granted Leeds Castle to his first wife, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a>. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anne spent the winter of 1381 at the castle on
her way to be married to the king. After her untimely death of plague in 1394,
Richard came back to the castle several times, using it for state business as
well as for leisure. In 1395, the French historian Jean Froissart visited the
English court, then in residence at Leeds, and wrote a description in his
Chronicles of the ‘beautiful Palace in Kent called Leeds Castle’.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from the <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/karen_roe/7233581400/sizes/l/in/photostream/">www.flickr.com</a></span>, <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/karen_roe/">Karen Roe</a></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Henry IV followed tradition and gave Leeds
castle to his second wife, Joan of Navarre, in 1403, soon after their marriage.
In 1412, with the king’s permission, she in turn granted Leeds to the Archbishop
of Canterbury, Thomas Arundel.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Henry V initially treated Joan of Navarre, his
stepmother, well but in time he turned against her. In 1419 she was charged
with plotting the king’s death by witchcraft by the ‘most high and horrible
means’. She was deprived of all her revenues and imprisoned, first in Leeds,
and then in solitary confinement in Pevensey Castle. Shortly before his death,
however, it seems that the king had a change of heart; Joan returned to Leeds
in March 1422 under much milder conditions, and in July she was freed and all
her property restored to her.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Henry V
died in August 1422, bequeathing Leeds Castle, as part of a much larger
inheritance, to his widow Catherine de Valois, youngest daughter of
Charles<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>VI of France and mother of the
infant Henry VI. She held the castle until her death in 1437.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her grandson by her second marriage was Henry
Tudor, who in 1485 became<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Henry VII, the
first of the Tudor dynasty.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Major alterations to the castle were undertaken
between 1517–1523, on the orders of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England">Henry<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>VIII</a> (1509–1547). The castle was
transformed from fortified stronghold to magnificent royal palace for the use
of King Henry and his first wife, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leeds_Castle,_Kent,_England_3_-_May_09.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Author: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Diliff">Diliff</a>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">License</a></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">In
1552, after nearly 300 years in royal ownership, Leeds was granted to Sir
Anthony St Leger, of Ulcombe near Leeds, for a yearly rental of £10, in
recompense for his services to Henry VIII in subjugating the uprising in
Ireland. It remained<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the St Leger
family until 1618, when they faced financial disaster through their involvement
with Sir Walter Raleigh’s ill-fated expedition to discover the legendary gold
of El-Dorado, and were forced to sell the castle to a wealthy relation, Sir
Richard Smythe. Although the Smythes owned Leeds for less than 20 years,
selling it to the Culpeper family in 1632, they left a clear signature. Sir
Richard ordered the demolition of all surviving buildings at the north end of
the main island and the construction there of a large house in the prevailing
Jacobean style.</span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRMJr-FJfuQz9_c4ZIzCjM4ex929Q7nSIl0TFg5qkHh2-WovyoAoDEk2XerIuPlxuZmUzQ-H-yKgTZvVIXzSQnGPwbgCxGTH8jpUpuyNrzuD8frA7Kad0BtY-o8SFIdEW77C5KWr5WIr0/s1600/06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRMJr-FJfuQz9_c4ZIzCjM4ex929Q7nSIl0TFg5qkHh2-WovyoAoDEk2XerIuPlxuZmUzQ-H-yKgTZvVIXzSQnGPwbgCxGTH8jpUpuyNrzuD8frA7Kad0BtY-o8SFIdEW77C5KWr5WIr0/s400/06.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from the <a href="http://www.castles.org/castles/Europe/Western_Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Leeds-Leeds/leeds%201.jpg">www.castles.org</a></span></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Unlike many aristocratic homes, Leeds was left
relatively undamaged<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>during the Civil
War because the then owner, Sir Cheney Culpeper, alone of his family supported
the parliamentarians. Although financially ruined at the Restoration in 1660,
he continued to live at the castle until his death in 1663, when his creditors
sold it to a royalist kinsman, Thomas, 2nd Lord Culpeper, whose father had been
rewarded for his loyalty to the crown with the grant of more than five million
acres of land in Virginia.This established the castle’s link with America, a
connection that has had a significant influence to this day.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Leeds suffered major damage during the 1660s,
when Lord Culpeper leased the castle to the government as a place of detention
for French and Dutch prisoners of war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The prisoners, which were kept in the Gloriette, set fire to their
accommodation, causing destruction which would not be repaired until the next
major building programme in 1822.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">By the end of the 17th century the castle and
the Virginian estates had passed into the hands of the Fairfax family, through
Catherine Culpeper’s marriage to Thomas, 5th Lord Fairfax, in 1690. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1693, at Leeds Castle, was born their son, Thomas
Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1745, Thomas Fairfax, sailed to Virginia for
managing his estates and settled there for life. </span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">On Thomas Fairfax’s
departure to America, Leeds passed to his brother Robert. The castle was owned
by Robert Fairfax for 46 years until 1793 when it eventually passed on to the
Wykeham Martins. Sale of the family estates in Virginia released a large sum of
money that allowed extensive repair and remodelling of the castle in a more
appropriate Tudor style, completed in 1823, that resulted in the appearance
seen today.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7RRVPjMG_xOyjNC4f1t0yshUyTohLvy8zIomSilhB2vxH2OSNHZi87a-IzYbJWf__okIlWBZe4SBLDg113khz-Jl7ccy99L62G_93nvENVg3mcZd82okh6DhZ0_kcsK8qB58paKwf_c/s1600/07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7RRVPjMG_xOyjNC4f1t0yshUyTohLvy8zIomSilhB2vxH2OSNHZi87a-IzYbJWf__okIlWBZe4SBLDg113khz-Jl7ccy99L62G_93nvENVg3mcZd82okh6DhZ0_kcsK8qB58paKwf_c/s400/07.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from the <a href="http://www.leeds-castle.com/land.php">www.leeds-castle.com</a></span></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The last
private owner of the castle was the Hon. Olive, Lady Baillie, a daughter of
Almeric Paget, 1st Baron Queenborough, and his first wife, Pauline Payne
Whitney, an American heiress. Lady Baillie bought the castle in 1926. She
redecorated the interior, first working with the French architect and designer
Armand-Albert Rateau (who also oversaw exterior alterations as well as adding
interior features such as a 16th century-style carved-oak staircase) and then,
later, with the Paris decorator Stéphane Boudin. During the early part of World
War II Leeds was used as a hospital where Lady Baillie and her daughters hosted
Commonwealth airmen as part of their recovery. Survivors remember the
experience with fondness to this day. Upon her death in 1974, Lady Baillie left
the castle to the Leeds Castle Foundation, a private charitable trust whose aim
is to preserve the castle and grounds for the benefit of the public.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The castle was opened to the public in 1976.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On 17 July
1978, the castle was the site of a meeting between the Egyptian Foreign
Minister Mohammed Ibrahim Karmel and Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan and
Cyrus Vance of the USA in preparation for the Camp David Accords. The castle
also hosted the Northern Ireland peace talks held in September 2004 led by Tony
Blair.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1998
Leeds Castle was one of 57 heritage sites in England to receive more than
200,000 visitors. According to figures released by the Association of Leading
Visitor Attractions, </span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">in 2010</span>, <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">nearly 560,000 people visited Leeds Castle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US"> This article is based mainly on the materials of websites: <a href="http://www.leeds-castle.com/goto.php?id=190&pg=Castle_History_-_The_New_Castle&sess=+A585240565C56+F1D42131744505D1D1D5D475D1B165514+D445D4659544019+F54+F+C42">www.leeds-castle.com</a>, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Castle">en.wikipedia.org</a>
</span><span lang="EN-US">and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.castles.me.uk/leeds-castle.htm">www.castles.me.uk</a>.</span></b></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-87224444138090325412013-01-01T03:10:00.001-08:002013-02-21T12:48:51.170-08:00Alcázar of Segovia<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Alcázar of
Segovia (literally, Segovia Castle) is a palace and a fortress of Spanish kings
in the in the historic district of Segovia city, Spain. The castle is situated
on a cliff, located at the confluence of the rivers Eresma and Klamores, near
the Guadarrama mountains (part of the Cordillera Central). The Alcázar is one
of the most distinctive castle-palaces in Spain by virtue of its shape – like
the bow of a ship. It was originally built as a fortress but has served as a
royal palace, a state prison, a Royal Artillery College and a military academy
since then. The castle is one of the inspirations for Walt Disney's Cinderella
Castle.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYwfEqy-vWKymUmWzvLXXs9u6A0mABDVjwu0ayhICvz6nUXqkx-2cFcH7J0zqHBGCXy3Srzve9RZAjIHIOJmFJQ0lIWRSQbFKTvtnhpNVrFH08tPh0cwD4aTgR7_p8248TuQLWO43bGuQ/s1600/01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYwfEqy-vWKymUmWzvLXXs9u6A0mABDVjwu0ayhICvz6nUXqkx-2cFcH7J0zqHBGCXy3Srzve9RZAjIHIOJmFJQ0lIWRSQbFKTvtnhpNVrFH08tPh0cwD4aTgR7_p8248TuQLWO43bGuQ/s400/01.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://wallpaperswiki.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Alcazar-Of-Segovia-Segovia-Spain.jpg">wallpaperswiki.com</a></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Alcázar of
Segovia, like many fortifications in Spain, started off as an Arab fort, which
itself was built on a Roman fort but little of that structure remains. The
oldest testimony we have of the Alcázar is a document dating from the early
days of the 12th century (1122), a short time after the town had been
recaptured by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile">Alfonso VI
of León and Castile</a>, which refers to the fortress as a hill-fort on the
Eresma. A short time later, in a letter of 1155, it was already being referred
to as "Alcázar". However, it is more than probable that the fortress
had existed in earlier times, possibly since the Roman occupation, because
granite blocks similar to those of the Aqueduct have been found in the course
of recent excavations. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdfe9pmv5_tyztlpJscBockJTZ7y0n6nqpy_xfdJNesQuEXfPPQ_A1N3SccQ1HJDKPxdgyN0kOlmM4vK-L8sACfQMTspcDPv0eKAsx9Pe5bmedpTgkXi9PVDaeHVh7tBl5k3iPSWxwsw0/s1600/02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdfe9pmv5_tyztlpJscBockJTZ7y0n6nqpy_xfdJNesQuEXfPPQ_A1N3SccQ1HJDKPxdgyN0kOlmM4vK-L8sACfQMTspcDPv0eKAsx9Pe5bmedpTgkXi9PVDaeHVh7tBl5k3iPSWxwsw0/s400/02.jpg" width="346" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_the_Alcazar,_Segovia.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Author: Frank K. from <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/72213316@N00">Anchorage</a>, Alaska, USA </span></b> </td></tr>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Name:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alcázar of Segovia or </span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Segovia Castle</span></b>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Location: Segovia city<br />
Province: Segovia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Autonomous community: Castile and León</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Country: Spain</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Type: Hill castle <br />
Start of construction: 1120</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
Condition: opened to the public</span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Website: <a href="http://www.alcazardesegovia.com/">www.alcazardesegovia.com</a></span></b>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 28.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">The shape and form of the Alcázar was not known until the reign of King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile">Alfonso VIII</a> (1155–1214), however early documentation mentioned a wooden stockade fence. It
can be concluded that prior to Alfonso VIII's reign, it was no more than a
wooden fort built over the old Roman foundations. Alfonso VIII and his wife,
Eleanor of Plantagenet made this Alcázar their principal residence and much
work was carried out to erect the beginnings of the stone fortification we see
today. Undoubtedly, the gallery on the north side belongs to this period,
consisting of a large hall (called the Great Hall) flanked on both sides by
private rooms in the oriental style.</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Alcázar, throughout the Middle Ages,
remained one of the favorite residences of the monarchs of the Kingdom of
Castile and a key fortress in the defense of the kingdom. It was during this
period a majority of the current building was constructed and the palace was
extended on a large scale by the monarchs of the Trastámara dynasty. The
monarchs of the Trastámara dynasty made use of the new gallery, parallel to the
previous one, and converted it into a sumptuous series of halls in the style of
the alcázares of Andalusia.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5vQGou020gPEDSY2teoJvBWDPLPBw03lsWwChPowDAoqorRSvJpQdUKY4FaXDA1EwRIuEwTA-XldYwWSfbTD2mPlA3w7QcDveCxbja0hc3pZBHkG4CAU0DN4NZAcgKNAjGO7ZoV-6sj0/s1600/021.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5vQGou020gPEDSY2teoJvBWDPLPBw03lsWwChPowDAoqorRSvJpQdUKY4FaXDA1EwRIuEwTA-XldYwWSfbTD2mPlA3w7QcDveCxbja0hc3pZBHkG4CAU0DN4NZAcgKNAjGO7ZoV-6sj0/s400/021.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZiGGgwiChJM/UI7VYzu1_iI/AAAAAAAADhk/D8YnpouY3lk/s1600/segovia-017.jpg">4.bp.blogspot.com</a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1258, parts of the Alcázar had to be rebuilt
by King Alfonso X of Castile. Alfonso X "The Wise" showed a special
liking for Segovia and made the Alcázar into one of his favourite residences
until the later days of his life, when the Parliament was held in this town
which had remained loyal to him. However, the single largest contributor to the
continuing construction of the Alcázar is King John II who built the 'New
Tower' (John II tower as it is known today).</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">In the 14th century,
Segovia bore witness to the struggle between different noble factions which the
Alcázar did not escape; the new usage of artillery forced it to reinforce its
walls and extend its defences.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjla1_MD6QApl7S_RxGcL_0eSayJsJUk6PMTE_TvqGA0Ompvi9bP25Sp9URxlndC0slsO_AfPf9Emdv-igV9ohWkiW8xbNID6wz6vb-jf-Q1zl1nGC7yFzuRq2AlvVW8EikLfwbZnvQM-Y/s1600/03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjla1_MD6QApl7S_RxGcL_0eSayJsJUk6PMTE_TvqGA0Ompvi9bP25Sp9URxlndC0slsO_AfPf9Emdv-igV9ohWkiW8xbNID6wz6vb-jf-Q1zl1nGC7yFzuRq2AlvVW8EikLfwbZnvQM-Y/s400/03.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/antoniojuez/1085921751/sizes/o/in/photostream/">www.flickr.com</a></span></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/antoniojuez/">R.S. Antonio</a> </span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1474, the Alcázar played a major role in the
rise of Queen Isabella I of Castile. On 12 December news of the King Henry IV's
death in Madrid reached Segovia and Isabella immediately took refuge within the
walls of this Alcázar where she received the support of Andres Cabrera and
Segovia's council. She was crowned the next day as Queen of Castile and León.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Alcázar was also important during the civil
wars of all successive periods, from the reign of Juana the Mad and the war of
the "Comunidades" to the War of the Spanish Succession in the 18th
century and the Carlist wars in the 19th century. The monarchs of the Austrian
dynasty frequently visited the castle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The next major renovation at the Alcázar was
conducted by King Philip II after his marriage to Anna of Austria here. This
King had important alterations made in the Alcázar. He added the sharp slate
spires to reflect the castles of central Europe. In 1587, architect Francisco
de Morar completed the main garden and the School of Honor areas of the castle.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwNo4RF2wJalNrj1dnV22XN9kHjzXeA-9_ybQQdM7vtUX5elClo2f-dTVubhAMxaAGkcB1T7lS_vNcmIFKihBomzLByU-EGTJfNPlaNWTHa2v7VevaglKdANGcfogjlU6FjCKPLliyM-8/s1600/04.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwNo4RF2wJalNrj1dnV22XN9kHjzXeA-9_ybQQdM7vtUX5elClo2f-dTVubhAMxaAGkcB1T7lS_vNcmIFKihBomzLByU-EGTJfNPlaNWTHa2v7VevaglKdANGcfogjlU6FjCKPLliyM-8/s400/04.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alcazar05_5-4-04.JPG">Wikimedia Commons</a>, </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Author:
Pelayo2, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">License</a> </span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Shortly, the royal court moved to Madrid and the
Alcázar then served as a state prison, where several important people were
confined. It remained like that until 1762 when King Charles III founded the
Royal School of Artillery, and installed it in the Alcázar in 1764. The Royal
School stayed here, except for short periods of time, until March 6, 1862, when
a fire badly damaged the roofs and framework. From this date to the present the
Royal School, later called the Artillery Academy, has been located in the
convent of St. Francis in Segovia. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It was only in 1882 that the building was
slowly restored to its original state. In 1896, King Alfonso XIII ordered the
Alcázar to be handed over to the Ministry of War as a military college.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1898, the General Military Archives were
installed on the upper floor.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFRU5AyhVzV0kSXuKY1Hr-Df24GgIAItJ_7RxKnOpPxaMjJPWB5IGgdOVbYCpT2f6KDYf7bFPCAgisvP_8cPjvj6HFAlqhnmYwf_YnnnAVhUBiLczFXqz75HG48iZW09f28ZSshIuLSMA/s400/05.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://www.bestourism.com/medias/dfp/601">www.bestourism.com</a></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1953, the "Patronato del Alcázar"
(Alcázar Trust) of Segovia was created. When the Patronato was set up, they
were entrusted with a plan of works that should enable: </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Artillery Academy to make use of classrooms
exceptionally to give lessons of high educational value, and to make use of the
halls for social or cultural events to take place whenever the circumstances
require it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The General Military Archives to have
installations large and efficient enough to keep their historic documents and
files, as long as the building is home to the Archives. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The general public to enjoy a "Museum of
the Alcázar of Segovia", which should be a registry of all those records
that can be used to retain the memory of that "House" which has been
a Royal Alcázar, Military Precinct and Royal School of Artillery either
simultaneously or successively. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Today, the Alcázar remains one of the most
popular historical sites in Spain and is one of the major attractions in
Segovia (along with the aqueduct and the cathedral). Currently, in the Alcázar
are open for viewing 11 screens and the highest tower - Tower of Juan II.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US"> This article is based mainly on the materials of websites: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Segovia">en.wikipedia.org</a>
and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.alcazardesegovia.com/">www.alcazardesegovia.com</a></span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-5895458328642082432012-12-17T14:12:00.000-08:002013-02-13T12:55:34.875-08:00Hohenwerfen Castle<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Hohenwerfen Castle (Deutsch: Festung Hohenwerfen), also known as Erlebnisburg
(literally: "Castle of Experience") is an amazing castle in Austria. The
castle is located high above the Austrian town of Werfen in the Salzach valley,
approximately 40 km in the south of Salzburg city. It stands at one of two
majestic mountains of Berchtesgaden and Tennengebirgs, which are part of the
Alps.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSU-uLOMAdECaGewU3KEkwTeJi8yDbpYL3f7wAp0HOc5AQ_c545iOVbmWnr8UuU_Wh2COG9HveC3cN24oce4urhIc43E-z3E5PoMkmyDly_9oXhqdndR8f0r41cAZymf2NiMD3C0PFRi8/s400/1111.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP7LwGIRpy8kyopP4EZRMPkrNdzsT5gPzM50g4v8VAX3py39Y4dtub3aEMkkSTMlz4lGUGe59Q2mdC_djx27EssDd0KJ00I1X3P7ql8XtUYTLtYHrjnb1DEgj1XH2kPiFzBSMykqzEl_k/s400/01.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://fotowelt.chip.de/k/architektur/kirchen-denkmale/hohenwerfen/946157/">fotowelt.chip.de</a></span></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Author: <a href="http://fotowelt.chip.de/infozone/liste_aller_fotografen/schelbert">Schelbert</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<a name='more'></a><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The lands of Salzburg
are located in the center of a large valley. From the south, the valley is
surrounded by two massive mountain ranges that create a natural barrier for any
traveler or a conqueror. The mountain pass "Lueg" is the only
possibility to cross the mountains. Therefore, it was a strategic stronghold of
Salzburg for many centuries. Between 1075 and 1078, to fortify the Pass Lueg, Prince
Archbishop Gebhard of Salzburg built a castle ("Burg") near the town of
Werfen atop a 155m high rock. The castle was built during Imperial Investiture
Controversy which was the most significant conflict in medieval Europe between
Church and state for the right of appointments, or investitures, of church
officials such as bishops and abbots. Gebhard, an ally of Pope Gregory VII and
antiking Rudolf of Rheinfelden, had three major castles extended to secure the
Salzburg archbishopric against the forces of King Henry IV: Hohenwerfen,
Hohensalzburg and Petersberg Castle at Friesach in Carinthia. Nevertheless
Gebhard was expelled in 1077 and could not return to Salzburg until 1086, only
to die at Hohenwerfen two years later on June 15, 1088.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv4H_tfzZfU3-PAGOj4uvWShBdOiFzQJuOABLySbTl4dxTLNihO9NN4SqfSYveJb0H4F9d6G8tP1C4TxvfcodXNmnIl8WuALZrJaNuhCnyx471DYNZBWnCS3z-YCJfZrpu6sUai5MmuxY/s1600/02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv4H_tfzZfU3-PAGOj4uvWShBdOiFzQJuOABLySbTl4dxTLNihO9NN4SqfSYveJb0H4F9d6G8tP1C4TxvfcodXNmnIl8WuALZrJaNuhCnyx471DYNZBWnCS3z-YCJfZrpu6sUai5MmuxY/s400/02.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WK_Hohenwerfen.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>,</span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Author: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wolfgangkaml">Wolfgangkaml</a></span></b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZfPd6WQSUQXf2Z2yqOZcR_5njE0SDTdIiKTTdlZ7uNmVyRuXInnVlhxMkp_pIb2uHlGTMtM6yH_JcZEc8jDSCOSnpdXcTj_Q0u8i7yysM19P8oRF7QKWAdtcV_7eTGeTyt5p4Ve8LI6A/s1600/02.jpg" imageanchor="1"><br /></a></td></tr>
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<br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Name: Hohenwerfen
Castle, Erlebnisburg or Festung Hohenwerfen </span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Location: Salzach
valley</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
Town: Werfen </span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">District: St. Johann im Pongau</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">State: Salzburg </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Country: Austria</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Type: Hill castle </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
Construction: 1075-1078 </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
Condition: opened to the public</span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Website: </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><a href="http://www.salzburg-burgen.at/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">www.salzburg-burgen.at</span></a></span></b>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the following centuries Hohenwerfen served
Salzburg's rulers, the prince-archbishops, not only as a military base but also
as a residence and hunting retreat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alternatively it was used as a state prison and
therefore had a somewhat sinister reputation. Its prison walls have witnessed
the tragic fate of many 'criminals' who spent their days there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Various highly ranked noblemen had been
imprisoned in the castle including rulers such as Archbishop Adalbert III (arrested
by his own ministeriales in 1198), Count Albert of Friesach (in 1253), the
Styrian governor Siegmund von Dietrichstein (captured by insurgent peasants in
1525), and Prince-Archbishop Wolf Dietrich Raitenau, who died here in 1617
after six years of imprisonment. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the 12<sup>th</sup> century (between 1127 and
1142) during the reign of Archbishop <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_of_Wittelsbach">Conrad I</a> the castle
was strengthened and expanded.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1278, the Archbishopric of Salzburg was
recognized sovereign principality of the Holy Roman Empire and gradually turned
into a relatively independent clerical state. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the 14<sup>th</sup> century was recognized
the final independence of the Archbishopric of Salzburg from Bavaria.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">In the 15<sup>th</sup>
century, Archbishop <span style="background: white;">Eberhard III of Neuhaus<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> (was </span></span></span>Archbishop<span style="background: white; color: black;"> </span><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">of Salzburg from</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> 1403 until 1427</span>) rebuilt the castle, taking into
account the development of artillery.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSU-uLOMAdECaGewU3KEkwTeJi8yDbpYL3f7wAp0HOc5AQ_c545iOVbmWnr8UuU_Wh2COG9HveC3cN24oce4urhIc43E-z3E5PoMkmyDly_9oXhqdndR8f0r41cAZymf2NiMD3C0PFRi8/s400/1111.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSU-uLOMAdECaGewU3KEkwTeJi8yDbpYL3f7wAp0HOc5AQ_c545iOVbmWnr8UuU_Wh2COG9HveC3cN24oce4urhIc43E-z3E5PoMkmyDly_9oXhqdndR8f0r41cAZymf2NiMD3C0PFRi8/s400/1111.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=906&with_photo_id=16919432&order=date_desc&user=328677">ww.panoramio.com</a></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Author: <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/user/328677">Hartl</a></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1524–1525 year, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War">German Peasants' War</a>
erupted in Germany. Shocked by protestant resistance against the powerful
Prince Archbishop, the farmers faced Hohenwerfen on their way to Salzburg.
Without any chance, the castle was sacked and burnt to the grounds by the rioting
hordes. After the unsuccessful siege of the Hohensalzburg Fortress, the farmers
were forced to surrender and Prince Archbishop Matthäus Lang ordered to
re-built the Hohenwerfen Castle. To punish the local farmers for their support
of the riots, they were forced to work on the re-construction.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1535 began another period of construction of
Hohenwerfen castle. In the castle, were constructed new towers, and the outer
walls were rebuilt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1560, in the castle were constructed
additional towers, including Tower of Fallturm. The inner courtyard took a
modern look.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Importing state-of-the-art know-how from Italy
in building fortifications and bastions that should stand firearms and cannons,
Prince Archbishop Johann Kuen-Belasy ordered a massive re-modelling of
Hohenwerfen in 1563.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1565-1566, in the castle, St.Sigismund
Chapel rebuilt in the Gothic style. However, the Romanesque parts of the walls
can be discerned even today.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1568, was built Arsenal, in which is now a
museum of weapons.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Prince Archbishop Johann Jakob ordered the
construction of a large, central keep (donjon) for the castle in 1573. </span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">More adaptations
followed during the 30-years-war between 1608 and 1638. This included the
erection of a gunpowder tower during the reign of Prince Archbishop Paris
Lodron in 1623. During that period, in the castle were also built several
towers and a water tank. After that, in the architecture of Hohenwerfen castle
were no any significant changes up to the present days.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoHxlONLba95972hgNHedTMRfmeB1ov6q5CI3ABsT6qHY8GhesR7Id4DmE5_qKarfbzon9JUszhHW4Z8wXEAY6-hNFqdeHMSoVEe5oonHXsCNICa9zmnljtoknn4APyDQ7FIb69bn31hU/s1600/04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoHxlONLba95972hgNHedTMRfmeB1ov6q5CI3ABsT6qHY8GhesR7Id4DmE5_qKarfbzon9JUszhHW4Z8wXEAY6-hNFqdeHMSoVEe5oonHXsCNICa9zmnljtoknn4APyDQ7FIb69bn31hU/s1600/04.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://fotowelt.chip.de/k/landschaft-natur/auf-dem-land/burg_hohenwerfen/844849/">fotowelt.chip.de</a></span></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Author: <a href="http://fotowelt.chip.de/infozone/liste_aller_fotografen/falke100">Falke100</a> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1800, in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars,
all cannons were removed from the castle.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Following the secularisation of Salzburg, from
1803 the castle changed over to Bavarian rule and was allowed to fall into
disrepair and ruin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emperor Franz I of Austria prevented
Hohenwerfen from being destroyed, but the Bavarians, who temporarily held
Salzburg as part of their territory, neglected the building and left it to
decay. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1816, Salzburg became the part of Austria by
the decision of the Vienna Congress. The first renovation was done under
Austrian rule between 1824 and 1833. At that time, Archduke Johann, the
emperor’s brother, had the medieval castle repaired and restored for romantic
and nostalgic reasons. The castle was then mostly used as a hunting base. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1876, Hohenwerfen fortress was sold to the Count
<a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_von_Thun_und_Hohenstein_(1849%E2%80%931913)">Oswald
von Thun und Hohenstein</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1898 Archduke Archduke Eugen of Austria
purchased the castle and expanded the complex into a stately home and added a
large collection of art and weaponry.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Ir4M4k4AAVKsEP-CgiV24RKKpAWDCJaKtioNJJS48EPEVEPUtV9PAd6EWRUb_ol0D6urV2LwZaoSwqglA0fz_oPg6betZzgIn2bLSYR8cwZYRU5vErBuVxLYdv1H7q67NqYveSPHMfI/s1600/05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Ir4M4k4AAVKsEP-CgiV24RKKpAWDCJaKtioNJJS48EPEVEPUtV9PAd6EWRUb_ol0D6urV2LwZaoSwqglA0fz_oPg6betZzgIn2bLSYR8cwZYRU5vErBuVxLYdv1H7q67NqYveSPHMfI/s1600/05.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festung_Hohenwerfen.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>, </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Author:
Memorator, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en">License</a> </span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1931 the main building in the castle was
damaged by a fire. A lot of the exhibits and artifacts was destroyed. In one
year, the castle was restored, and in 1938, it was sold to Salzburg Reichsgau
administration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After World War II it was used as a training
camp by the Austrian Gendarmerie (rural police) until 1987.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1987, Hohenwerfen castle was opened to the
public. Nowadays the bastion, enlarged and renovated several times over the
centuries, functions as an adventure castle for its visitors. Among the
numerous attractions offered by the fortress are guided tours showing its
extensive weapons collection, the historical Salzburg Falconry with the falconry
museum as well as a stylish fortress tavern. The historic Falconry Centre is a
special attraction, offering daily flight demonstrations by various birds of
prey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><span lang="EN-US">In the preparation of this article, were partially used materials
of websites: </span><span><a href="http://www.salzburg-burgen.at/en/werfen/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">www.salzburg-burgen.at, </span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.dickemauern.de/werfen/gefinst.htm">www.dickemauern.de</a></span>, <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenwerfen_Castle">en.wikipedia.org</a></span>, <span><a href="http://www.allcastles.ru/castles/austria/hohenwerfen"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">www.allcastles.ru,</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://fotowelt.chip.de/k/architektur/kirchen-denkmale/hohenwerfen/946157/">fotowelt.chip.de</a> and </span></span><span><a href="http://www.visit-salzburg.net/surroundings/hohenwerfen.htm"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">www.visit-salzburg.net.</span></a></span></strong></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-88437893003598768572012-12-07T05:54:00.001-08:002013-02-13T12:55:51.258-08:00Eltz Castle<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Eltz Castle (Deutsch:
Burg Eltz) is one of the most famous and beautiful medieval castles in Germany.
It is nestled in the hills above the Moselle River between Koblenz and Trier,
Germany. Eltz castle, the Palace of Bürresheim and the Castle of Lissingen are
the only castles on the left bank of the Rhine in Rhineland-Palatinate which
have never been destroyed. These castles were preserved even during wars 17<sup>th</sup>
and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries and the French Revolution.</span>
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhuC0s99QxFp3Nz_a2YwVypV-OXjJajDiydqER24yXFqRES1tAyuKGdjArjlodsjL7Te2c505a-BGl2hquLETJwthO-EDTpLbz813zyXrGMrx_s6o1gzojsfTXQGaBL9dVhs-wlrw7PlQ/s1600/01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhuC0s99QxFp3Nz_a2YwVypV-OXjJajDiydqER24yXFqRES1tAyuKGdjArjlodsjL7Te2c505a-BGl2hquLETJwthO-EDTpLbz813zyXrGMrx_s6o1gzojsfTXQGaBL9dVhs-wlrw7PlQ/s400/01.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a>For the first time, the title «Eltz» is
mentioned in the donative literacy of Frederick I Barbarossa in 1157. In the
literacy, was mentioned Rudolf zu Eltz as one of the witnesses. Rudolf zu Eltz
lived at that time in a small manor house on the river Elz. Parts of the
original structure, such as the late-Romanesque keep Platt-Eltz and the remains
of the Romanesque residential houses in the basement of the Kempenich houses,
are preserved today.
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Castle of Eltz was built was built in a
strategically important location on the road connecting the Eifel and Moselle
with Mayfeld, which was always one of the most important trade routes of the
German Empire. The castle is surrounded on three sides by the Elzbach River, a
tributary on the north side of the Moselle. It is situated on a 70 meter high
rock of elliptical form that gives it a commanding view of the Elzbach Valley
and River Eltz. The builders took into account the natural conditions of the
oval crag and this explains the strange shapes and floor plans of some of the
rooms.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZfPd6WQSUQXf2Z2yqOZcR_5njE0SDTdIiKTTdlZ7uNmVyRuXInnVlhxMkp_pIb2uHlGTMtM6yH_JcZEc8jDSCOSnpdXcTj_Q0u8i7yysM19P8oRF7QKWAdtcV_7eTGeTyt5p4Ve8LI6A/s1600/02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZfPd6WQSUQXf2Z2yqOZcR_5njE0SDTdIiKTTdlZ7uNmVyRuXInnVlhxMkp_pIb2uHlGTMtM6yH_JcZEc8jDSCOSnpdXcTj_Q0u8i7yysM19P8oRF7QKWAdtcV_7eTGeTyt5p4Ve8LI6A/s400/02.jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/elizabetti/5807546053/sizes/l/">www.flickr.com</a></span></b>, </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/elizabetti/">Elsa Yaskovskaya</a> </span></b> </div>
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</td><td><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name: </span></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Eltz Castle or</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Burg
Eltz </span></b>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Location: </span></span></b></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Wierschem</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">District: Mayen-Koblenz</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">State: Rhineland-Palatinate</span></b>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Country: </span></span></b></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Germany</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Type:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hill castle</span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Architectural style: Romanesque,
Baroque</span></b>
<br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU;">Start of construction:
12<sup>th</sup> century</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Condition: opened to the public</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU;">Website:
<a href="http://www.burg-eltz.de/">www.burg-eltz.de</a></span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.se/"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1268, some three generations later, the Eltz
family split into three separate branches, as a results, the castle was divided
between the three brothers: Eliey, Wilhelm and Theodoric, where they lived
together with their families. Thereafter, each branch built own houses and
towers within the castle over the next 400 years. Thus, Burg Eltz became a
Ganerbenburg (castle of joint heirs) in which several families shared common
areas of the castle including the courtyard and the chapel while also
maintaining their own private living quarters. Today, the Lion Or branch of the
Eltz family remains as the sole owner of the castle. The castle consists of
eight towers with living quarters grouped around an inner courtyard.</span>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLQKNV4KuwFvS_Mcc7JhxfEsuhy_Ptb3C1RQQBBZOQ8PETHBa6KIimVWHjIrYf7JkkoDfwOWgFFJq-wqb5peRoQzcuqtllmEqmojeK2hHRM7aMir5bd5ca2cunxOJhNv9oGUBWzYHkVZU/s1600/03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLQKNV4KuwFvS_Mcc7JhxfEsuhy_Ptb3C1RQQBBZOQ8PETHBa6KIimVWHjIrYf7JkkoDfwOWgFFJq-wqb5peRoQzcuqtllmEqmojeK2hHRM7aMir5bd5ca2cunxOJhNv9oGUBWzYHkVZU/s400/03.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burg-eltz-11-a.jpg?uselang=de">WikipediaCommons</a></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Author: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Dontworry">Dontworry</a>,
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.de">License</a> </span></b>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the years 1331-1336, during the so-called
"Eltz feud", there was only one military conflict in the 900 years
history of the castle. On June 15, 1331, the knights from various castles
including Eltz Castle rebelled against the territorial policy of Elector
Baldwin of Trier, Archbishop of Luxembourg, and formed an alliance. Later that
year, Eltz castle was siege by the forces of Baldwin. For the siege, Archbishop
of Trier ordered to build on the side of the cliff a siege fortress Truttselts
and to bombard the castle with heavy stone balls. The walls of the Truttselts fortress
have survived to our time. All castle entrances were blown up, so that the
castle was cut off from resupply of food. After two years of siege, the
garrison, weakened by starvation, was forced to surrender the castle. In 1354,
Emperor Charles IV gave Eltz castle as fief to Elector Balduin. Thus, the free knights
of Eltz castle became the vassals of the Elector and took the castle from him
as feudal tenure.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_paQL5vo8iQdIWTTu3rAUQsSjzdW9WRNLZ7pCt0LFt1PTXNtJeIOwM2SzDM9tS2rZ3j8bKPdUBuLLf79iE6OTsu60caVy7hYj81oVQviOcG7iLa6AeCYJOwNWHKP5a05VAPzjifTIN9k/s1600/04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_paQL5vo8iQdIWTTu3rAUQsSjzdW9WRNLZ7pCt0LFt1PTXNtJeIOwM2SzDM9tS2rZ3j8bKPdUBuLLf79iE6OTsu60caVy7hYj81oVQviOcG7iLa6AeCYJOwNWHKP5a05VAPzjifTIN9k/s400/04.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eltz
castle and fortress Truttselts</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABurg_Eltz_und_Burg_Trutzeltz.jpg">WikipediaCommons</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Author: <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Schaengel?uselang=ru">Holger Weinandt</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.ru">License</a></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the 15<sup>th</sup> century there was an
especially busy flurry of building activity. In 1472, the Rübenach house on the
western site was completed under Lancelot and Wilhelm zu Eltz-Rübenach.
Incidentally, the name of Eltz-Rübenach goes back to the stewardship of Rübenach
near Koblenz which had been acquired by Richard vom Silbernen Löwen (Lion
Argent) in 1272. The name is still used today by the Barons of Eltz-Rübenach.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Between 1490 and 1540, the Rodendorf house was
built. On its facade there is a vaulted portico standing on three pillars. The
name of Eltz-Rodendorf goes back to the marriage of Hans Adolf zu Eltz to
Katherine von Brandscheid zu Rodendorf in 1563. In 19<sup>th</sup> century, near
the portico on the outside wall there was lined with a mosaic of the Madonna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kempenich houses in a castle was built from
1604 to 1661 years. Their successful architectural composition and beauty of
the fachwerk completes picturesque appearance of the courtyard of the castle.
Under the massive tower staircase, there was a draw-well, which supplied water
the whole castle.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">During the Palatinate wars of succession from
1688 to 1689 a large number of the Rhine castles were destroyed. Eltz castle
preserved unscathed due to its owner Hans Anton zu Eltz-Üttingen, which had the
highest officer rank in the French army.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the 19<sup>th</sup> century, during the
romantic period with its resurgent interest in all things medieval Graf Karl zu
Eltz busied himself with the restoration of his family castle. In 1845-1888
years for large-scale construction work was spent considerable amount of DM 184,000,
which in today’s money is about €6 million. The restoration was carried out
very carefully and preserved historic architectural appearance.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhc_7tAU2J43IQs_ZEicwueQnMk7zdvOMv1GHJgF6SrZ_0yvsUo_EeOuLzfTj2x8Powk3jO8elfUMmTg2cUaTrZ0f9vLD-HV9LfHsFPQuIBwlG5eFE7NEXF8Wzc438HC3LwL1SEsLnce8/s1600/05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhc_7tAU2J43IQs_ZEicwueQnMk7zdvOMv1GHJgF6SrZ_0yvsUo_EeOuLzfTj2x8Powk3jO8elfUMmTg2cUaTrZ0f9vLD-HV9LfHsFPQuIBwlG5eFE7NEXF8Wzc438HC3LwL1SEsLnce8/s400/05.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from <a href="http://www.photos4travel.com/travel-guides/germany/pictures/fairytale-castle">www.photos4travel.com</a></span></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Author: Batikart</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The complete story of the castle’s construction
stretches over more than 500 years. All the architectural styles from the
Romanesque to the early Baroque merge in Eltz castle to form a symmetrical
whole. The settlement of the castle consists of several closely packed
residential towers grouped around the inner courtyard. Up to 100 family members
lived in more than 100 rooms with probably about the same number of servants in
the outbuildings along the river, now destroyed. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The present owner of the castle, Dr. Karl Graf
von und zu Eltz, known as Faust von Stromberg, lives in Eltville/Rhine. The
family has had its main German residence there since the beginning of the 19th
century. Dr. Karl Graf von und zu Eltz represents the 33rd generation of the
House of Eltz. He has undertaken the task of maintaining this national monument
for the public, to preserve its structure and, following family tradition, pass
it on to the 34th generation.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From April 1 to November 1, in the castle there
are daily sightseeing tours of approximately 40 minutes.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the preparation of this article, were partially used materials
of websites: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.burg-eltz.de/e_index.html">www.burg-eltz.de</a>,
<a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86">wikipedia.org</a> and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://great-castles.com/eltz.php">great-castles.com</a></span></strong>.</div>
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</div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-44464724525294525712012-11-26T14:38:00.002-08:002013-02-13T12:19:04.778-08:00Gravensteen<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gravensteen Castle (Dutch:
Gravensteen, literally: "castle of the count") </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">is a medieval castle in Ghent,
Belgium. It is the only medieval castle in Flanders, defensive system of which
has remained virtually untouched to this day.</span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGUOxUDYTAxURAiYfi3e-8LdTKU9ClS28-pCltVRyP2_pbjfLodsOlUNrddz9YMyuuhVFHziHjxh_kX85XiXnOhzMaj-jBXIWsfns7x15uABc1vUfTWEYWhwnVz0pELMX8j_cWoxReEgc/s1600/gravensteen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGUOxUDYTAxURAiYfi3e-8LdTKU9ClS28-pCltVRyP2_pbjfLodsOlUNrddz9YMyuuhVFHziHjxh_kX85XiXnOhzMaj-jBXIWsfns7x15uABc1vUfTWEYWhwnVz0pELMX8j_cWoxReEgc/s400/gravensteen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This
is a file from </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><a href="http://www.rowing-vvr.be/">www.rowing-vvr.be</a></span></b></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The present castle was built in 1180 by Count
Philip of Alsace (<span style="background: white; color: black;">was<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>C</span></span><span style="background: white;">ount of Flanders<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">from 1168 to
1191</span></span>). The counts of Flanders had built castles in the
principal cities of the county. Because they had to maintain law and order,
they continuously had to move from one city to the other. Therefore, they
disposed of a castle in most cities where they wanted to stay for a few months.
The castle of Ghent is the only one which survived the centuries more or less
intact.<br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKgKMD0MS4_1cL13xQRm8knARdwMclXyXbTTI6vRqxcB5wAc1fjiyMBD6RIBHKe0REcfgz4W-srjnYTbHSZij2cgIBv9fV0bBOLOPX9EMATxfF_a1Bo04N4zePxEnw6vb7V2w1CcfGcKo/s1600/101.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKgKMD0MS4_1cL13xQRm8knARdwMclXyXbTTI6vRqxcB5wAc1fjiyMBD6RIBHKe0REcfgz4W-srjnYTbHSZij2cgIBv9fV0bBOLOPX9EMATxfF_a1Bo04N4zePxEnw6vb7V2w1CcfGcKo/s400/101.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This
is a file from <a href="http://perleepirla.blogspot.com/2012/11/lo-spettacolare-castello-gravensteen.html">perleepirla.blogspot.com</a></span></b>
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</td><td><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name: </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gravensteen,
</span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Het
Gravensteen</span></span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Location: Ghent </span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Province: East
Flanders</span></span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Region: </span></span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Flemish
Region</span></span></b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Country: </span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Belgium</span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Type:</span></span></b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lowland castle</span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Construction:
1180-1200</span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
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</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Condition: opened to the public</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.se/"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Archeological excavations have proved that
three fortified castles constructed in wood must have stood on the site of
today's Gravensteen. The first fortifications on this site were probably built by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Count_of_Flanders">Baldwin I</a>
"Iron Arm" in 807 during the time of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. The fortifications
were intended for protection against Viking raids. At the beginning of 10<sup>th</sup>
century <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_I,_Count_of_Flanders">Count
Arnulf I</a> ordered a full rebuild the castle. All the structures were made of
wood and arranged around a large building, built on a fortified hill. In 1128,
there was the first serious siege of the castle by the supporters of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry,_Count_of_Flanders">Thierry of
Alsace</a>. During of this siege, the castle was seriously damaged.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the middle of the 12<sup>th</sup> century,
under the leadership of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Flanders">Count Robert I <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">the Frisian</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, the</span>
fortress was once again thoroughly rebuilt. In place of the wooden building in
the center, there was a three-story stone tower (<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=ru&rurl=translate.google.com.ua&sl=auto&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donjon&usg=ALkJrhh_gQiTop54Vjuzl0RqfIVagFmNoQ">Donjon</a>)
(33 to 18.8 m) with three ceremonial halls, monumental stone staircase, stoves
and latrines, which was a sign of luxury. Later, the castle was rebuilt again,
but it was damaged by a fire in 1176.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gravensteen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> in the form, which can be seen
today, was built by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders">Count Philip I
of Alsace</a> in 1180. Then was expanded the main hall, the castle was
surrounded by a wall with 24 towers and dug a moat around it. In those
turbulent times for Ghent, the majestic <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gravensteen</span> symbolized the power of the Counts of Flanders and served as a kind of
counterweight to the high houses of the nobility, which were located on the
other bank of the river Leie.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBMAblAz7KKKHqajRu56PC74kjdfRayk6QO73KXxsIMfrrd-NbDBgAXnn0s9YPqHnqI0iS6QmKZVxFfjkk9a8RgzKwOAcxbjXXBqBAubRDvyAs1sfnDDPLFwsx8U9OcIQJJoXmfrdb2Nk/s1600/4959113477_52f804d088_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBMAblAz7KKKHqajRu56PC74kjdfRayk6QO73KXxsIMfrrd-NbDBgAXnn0s9YPqHnqI0iS6QmKZVxFfjkk9a8RgzKwOAcxbjXXBqBAubRDvyAs1sfnDDPLFwsx8U9OcIQJJoXmfrdb2Nk/s400/4959113477_52f804d088_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44571756@N00/4959113477/sizes/l/">www.flickr.com</a></span></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44571756@N00/">++Rob++</a> </span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The castle served as the seat of the Counts of
Flanders until 14th century, when they moved back out of the castle and lived
in the Prince's in Ghent. However, the castle has retained its administrative
function in the county Flanders.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1353, the castle was used as the Ghent mint.
Since 1407, in the castle were located County Superior Court, the Council of
Flanders, as well as a prison. The Council was located in the castle until
1778, when <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gravensteen</span> began to
sell to the public. As a result, since 1807, the main tower of the castle was
used as a textile factory. In the remaining buildings, the factory workers
lived with their families. As a result, the state of the castle was very poor. <span style="background: white; color: black;">At the end of the 19th century, the castle
was scheduled to be demolished.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1894, the value of the Gravensteen for the
city was reviewed. Local nobility and the city council gradually bought it out
of private hands. In 1895, was started the restoration work under the direction
of architect Joseph de Vale. The newly built houses were removed and the walls
and dungeon were restored to their original condition. Although some details,
such as, flat roofs and windows of the east wing of the building, were not
typical of the medieval buildings. Therefore, people argue whether the castle
can still be considered authentic.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRS3CPO0jXDrz1oTWLqbcYT8svl9_4NkpSZh_GXIEmQcRkzw_reOYD2nRK27sboX8A7IbCXLiCz4e1yfxBUhAu5PF8sW1P0TuqZOghV6lfu4xx2NGaRFTssCTe_ZH-Ej-utMIh774_tiY/s1600/gravensteen-castle-ghent-belgium+1152_12963409882-tpfil02aw-23406.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRS3CPO0jXDrz1oTWLqbcYT8svl9_4NkpSZh_GXIEmQcRkzw_reOYD2nRK27sboX8A7IbCXLiCz4e1yfxBUhAu5PF8sW1P0TuqZOghV6lfu4xx2NGaRFTssCTe_ZH-Ej-utMIh774_tiY/s400/gravensteen-castle-ghent-belgium+1152_12963409882-tpfil02aw-23406.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from <a href="http://tripwow.tripadvisor.com/slideshow-photo/gravensteen-castle-ghent-belgium.html?sid=14080562&fid=upload_12963409882-tpfil02aw-23406">tripwow.tripadvisor.com</a></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Despite the fact that in the 20<sup>th</sup> century,
Gravensteen has become one of the most frequently visited sites in Ghent, the
keeping of the castle in good condition has received little attention.
Moreover, compared with other major residencies medieval rulers of Northern
Europe, Gravensteen been the least studied and known. All this has led to the
fact that the castle again went into decline.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Only in 1980, when Gravensteen celebrated its
800th anniversary, the castle was re-evaluated. After careful consideration of
condition the castle, experts have developed a multiphase program of
restoration and strengthening of buildings, which has been successfully
completed. The castle has been repaired enough to allow people to travel
through it and climb on top. It is still partly surrounded by the moat. Inside the
castle there is a museum with various torture devices (and a guillotine) that
were historically used in Ghent.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">In the
preparation of this article, were partially used materials of websites: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8">wikipedia.org</a>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.trabel.com/gent/gravensteen.htm">www.trabel.com</a>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><a href="http://www.visitgent.be/">www.visitgent.be</a>, <a href="http://www.gent.be/eCache/THE/1/464.cmVjPTEzNjU2MA.html">www.gent.be</a></span></b></span></div>
<br /></div>
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AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-57544053854578845032012-11-12T16:09:00.001-08:002013-02-13T12:18:45.721-08:00Château de Sarzay<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Château de Sarzay is a 14th century castle
in the village of Sarzay in the Indre département of France. Château de Sarzay
is one of the chateaus of the southern Loire Valley, which although close to a
tributary of the Indre, but already adjacent to the foothills of the Massif
Central. Like many buildings of this type in the Auvergne and Limousin, Sarzay
had a rectangular form, flanked by 25-meter cylindrical high towers. The
château was protected by two outer walls, and 38 towers. In the first period
there was also a moat with three drawbridges and a 4-acre pond.</span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKN1VoUFcRlkaJPbjFiYO2vL383eSsEixFQLxYbbT_RfrA2AGMRU0YGq-cYtIVGoOrc83qrRCW1CLL41Lv07wYVrMZBsOz_AzH0_QmBZVxGCK5iwQwPnhwSS6jOlOKPuAkfK8X9iXXu-w/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKN1VoUFcRlkaJPbjFiYO2vL383eSsEixFQLxYbbT_RfrA2AGMRU0YGq-cYtIVGoOrc83qrRCW1CLL41Lv07wYVrMZBsOz_AzH0_QmBZVxGCK5iwQwPnhwSS6jOlOKPuAkfK8X9iXXu-w/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This is a file from </span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarzay_02_2009.jpg?uselang=fr"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Wikimedia Commons</span></b></a></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">,</span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Author: </span></b><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Manfred_Heyde"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Manfred Heyde</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">License</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The village of Sarzay
in the Berry province acquired the title of 'City' in 1300. The parish was a
dependency of the Archbishop of Bourges. The manor of Sarzay belonged to the
Barbançois family since 1348. That was a family of knights whose sons
distinguished themselves in the battles of the Hundred Years War. The family
built the castle and remained owners until 1720. Their title was promoted to
marquis in 1651.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEWmF14ozPpl20nnPyKCeePk9VmonrpHeHq7VBohDiQbpEqtvM3JJcIWdQq-mlvrrdr9iBuwuYranUfB2MdrAUNi2CJw3eyqinJTo4vOj2QKQK4ZgUrHvekjh0NXLhe9sFQ_VnpApWEM/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
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</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivEJY_zF8KIrJGuRfhih1rG46NBkoxd8RnOOBBCF4ICybdnupyGCHWnZm0IzPkfeRsNYgWQZcPBY_W5aSWYfyJ7PElBgTErl7Ne1L1Hu0jyikMpnf_dDJq3Umtcc-ibXpB4hIAsmIDFVo/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivEJY_zF8KIrJGuRfhih1rG46NBkoxd8RnOOBBCF4ICybdnupyGCHWnZm0IzPkfeRsNYgWQZcPBY_W5aSWYfyJ7PElBgTErl7Ne1L1Hu0jyikMpnf_dDJq3Umtcc-ibXpB4hIAsmIDFVo/s400/2.jpg" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This is a file from </span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/jedalani/2486057042/"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">www.flickr.com</span></b></a></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">,</span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Author: </span></b><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/jedalani/"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Jean-David & Anne-Laure</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.fr"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">License</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></b></span></div>
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</td><td><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name:</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Château de Sarzay</span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Location: village of
Sarzay</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Province: Berry</span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Region: </span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Centre</span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Department: Indre</span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Country: </span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">France</span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Type:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Château fort</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU;">Start of
construction: 1348</span></b>
<br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU;">Condition:
opened to the public</span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.se/"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></a></span></b><br />
<strong>Website: <a href="http://www.sarzay.net/">www.sarzay.net</a></strong><br />
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The construction of the
castle was begun by Guillaume de Barbançois, the lord of Sarzy, at the middle
of 14<sup>th</sup> century. The castle was built as a part of the chain of
castles that were built by the French to keep the English forces at a distance
during the Hundred Years’ War. Sarzay was at the edge of the kingdom of France,
facing the English possessions of Poitou, Limousin and Aquitaine, and thus
formed part of the first line of defense of the kingdom. During the reign of Guillaume
de Barbançois were built six towers, the moat and pond, and a large surrounding
wall. These towers were fairly short. Only chapel tower remained to our days of
these towers.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In
1440, Jean de Barbançois added 32 tower to this construction. These were proper
towering towers. The towers were crowned with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machicolations">machicolations</a>.</span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEWmF14ozPpl20nnPyKCeePk9VmonrpHeHq7VBohDiQbpEqtvM3JJcIWdQq-mlvrrdr9iBuwuYranUfB2MdrAUNi2CJw3eyqinJTo4vOj2QKQK4ZgUrHvekjh0NXLhe9sFQ_VnpApWEM/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEWmF14ozPpl20nnPyKCeePk9VmonrpHeHq7VBohDiQbpEqtvM3JJcIWdQq-mlvrrdr9iBuwuYranUfB2MdrAUNi2CJw3eyqinJTo4vOj2QKQK4ZgUrHvekjh0NXLhe9sFQ_VnpApWEM/s400/3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from <a href="http://www.chateauxmedievaux.com/chateau-sarzay.php">www.chateauxmedievaux.com</a></span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Over time the financial status of de Barbançois
family declined, and in 1719 their castle and also the entire village of Sarzay
were handed over to Charles de la Porte de Montval. This family had the castle
until 1836. The chateau had lived through the Hundred Years War, the Wars of
Religion (1562-98), the Fronde civil war of 1648, and the French Revolution of
1789.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">George Sand, in her<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>novel "Le Meunier d'Angibault"
("The Miller of Angibault", 1845), under the name of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Château de Mont Blanche",
described Château de Sarzay as "a very elegant castle, a long rectangle…
has four towers at the corners, where there are smaller rooms".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Various other people owned the chateau for
short periods and then in 1912 it was designated as as a monument historique by
the French Ministry of Culture and left to crumble into ruins. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the end of 1982, the castle on two hectares
was bought by Richard Hurbain and his wife, Francoise, and their three sons for
790,000 francs. Hurbain pledged to restore the moats, build halls in the
medieval style, and restore outbuildings as holiday accommodation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Currently, the restoration is ongoing but the restored
parts of the castle are opened to the public. Château de Sarzay is one of the
most photographed monuments in France.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">In the
preparation of this article, were used some materials of websites: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.chateauxmedievaux.com/chateau-sarzay.php">www.chateauxmedievaux.com</a>,
<a href="http://www.bloginfrance.com/2011/sarzay-castle-chateau-du-sarzay-diy-castle-restoration/">www.bloginfrance.com</a>, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://chpichot.free.fr/sarzay/sarzay.html">chpichot.free.fr</a>, </span>
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/jedalani/2486057042/">www.flickr.com</a></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">and </span><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">www.wikipedia.org.</span></a></span></b></div>
</div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-67314014100399196882012-11-08T09:42:00.000-08:002013-02-13T12:18:36.133-08:00Burg Steen<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Burg
Steen, also known as Het Steen, (Dutch: Steen, literally: "Stone") is
a part of the medieval fortress on the right bank of the Scheldt River in the
old city centre of Antwerp, Belgium.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvdqWEDAmc2rnNm-E2GpHDiKQ9l05mhO_M9Osr1GzhPzp0b9mCOUcbm2yQ3MF7Yx9O0VAxCJD5GXOpyF8TgXYKBSrKwwvhc_4EYPSpxRn-5cqByZC22tEZV0t-qOLAH-xeZpqKFZO-SV4/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvdqWEDAmc2rnNm-E2GpHDiKQ9l05mhO_M9Osr1GzhPzp0b9mCOUcbm2yQ3MF7Yx9O0VAxCJD5GXOpyF8TgXYKBSrKwwvhc_4EYPSpxRn-5cqByZC22tEZV0t-qOLAH-xeZpqKFZO-SV4/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span></b><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/7216330@N06/469664022/sizes/l/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">www.flickr.com, </span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/7216330@N06/">mariannegreg</a></span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The castle was built between 1200 and 1225
after the Viking incursions in the early Middle Ages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was originally called the Antwerp Burcht
(citadel). At that time, it was the first large stone building in Antwerp. Unfortunately,
the building, preserved to this day, is only a small part of the old fortress.
The old fortress covered an area in several times larger. Inside that castle
were important institutions such as the Vierschaar (the former courthouse), St.
Walburgis Church, the Fish Market, warehousing and storage facilities and a
number of other buildings. The entire complex was surrounded by a massive
defensive wall. The fortress made it possible to control the access to the
Scheldt River and to guard the entrance to the city from the direction of the
Western Scheldt.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The castle was rebuilt many times, but
fragments of the castle, relating to the 13th century, it is easy to
distinguish by the darker color.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span><br />
<div align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRj8gew_hLyzOZE8X5gg7qCzj1Z1Cw78WWyDjlETavK5Q2ovzuEg9JsxTkrdjo7w4Uu3Cg4ZcQ9wS6CcZib_C90na6lznbOrSsIdgOfe5hCe_JtkU1jD6vH_x7kKBPICbXl8xHixcyrcA/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRj8gew_hLyzOZE8X5gg7qCzj1Z1Cw78WWyDjlETavK5Q2ovzuEg9JsxTkrdjo7w4Uu3Cg4ZcQ9wS6CcZib_C90na6lznbOrSsIdgOfe5hCe_JtkU1jD6vH_x7kKBPICbXl8xHixcyrcA/s400/1.jpg" width="396" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span></b><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/twiga_swala/2424248499/sizes/o/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">www.flickr.com, </span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Author:
<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/twiga_swala/">twiga_swala</a> </span></b></span></div>
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</td><td><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name:</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Burg Steen or Het
Steen</span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">City:</span></span></b></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Antwerp</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Province: Antwerp</span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Region: Flemish
Region</span></b>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Country: Belgium</span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Material:
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stone</span></span></b></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU;">Type: Lowland
castle</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU;">Construction:
between 1200 and 1225</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU;">Condition:
opened to the public</span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.se/"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></a></span></b></div>
</div>
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<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Around
1520, at the time of Emperor Charles V, the castle was completely rebuilt. At
that time, Het Steen gained its current name. The building belonged to Emperor
Charles V. So, it was known first as "s Heeren Steen" (the King's
stone castle), and later simply as "Het Steen" (the stone castle).
The Dutch word "steen" means "stone", and is used for
"fortress" or "palace", as in the "Gravensteen"
in Ghent, Belgium.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From 1303
to 1823 the building was used as a prison, later it was served as a home for
disabled soldiers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1862, Pieter Génard (historian and archivist
of Antwerp, one of the founders of the Geographical Society of Antwerp)
suggested to establish an archaeological museum in each province. According to
him, Het Steen was the appropriate place in Antwerp. The city supported the
proposal and under the direction of architect Kennes was held restoration of
the fortress. August 14, 1864 the museum was open. </span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">In 1880s, the city
administration has decided to expand the river to prevent it from silting, and
build a new, more spacious waterfront. The project was accepted, and soon was
demolished much of the castle and about 500 ancient buildings. Yet once in
1889-1890, a new wing and other parts of the building were remodeled.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPtv2-BirMJ719e0oghzND6hDzH8ETXiRVMUfHajnqDerLGxAWjSpCw8ayVR80XkbQYSQ4iRYXOq1pe5CsYL6KSyZ5_nX4GfTWbfla5o3MsySWvg67evUFNGTPp1brOCJKsUyfpYU-LtA/s1600/Het_Steen_(Antwerp).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPtv2-BirMJ719e0oghzND6hDzH8ETXiRVMUfHajnqDerLGxAWjSpCw8ayVR80XkbQYSQ4iRYXOq1pe5CsYL6KSyZ5_nX4GfTWbfla5o3MsySWvg67evUFNGTPp1brOCJKsUyfpYU-LtA/s400/Het_Steen_(Antwerp).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This is a file from </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Het_Steen_(Antwerp).jpg"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Wikimedia Commons</span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Author: Maros M r a z (</span><a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redaktor:Maros"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Maros</span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;">), </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">License</span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The most impressive part of the castle is the
gate, which resembles of the old medieval fortress. Above them is a bas-relief
of Semini. Semini is the Scandinavian God of youth and fertility (with symbolic
phallus). On the historical plaque near Het Steen, it is written that women of
the town appealed to Semini when they desired children. In 1587, the bas-relief
was damaged by fanatic of the Jesuit Order. According to legend, Semini was the
founder of the tribe that settled on this area. So, inhabitants of Antwerp
previously referred to themselves as "children of Semini". </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the entrance bridge to the castle is a
statue to Lange Wapper, folklore character of Antwerp. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The legend of Lange Wapper started in the 16th
century. Lange Wapper liked to live near the sea, near rivers or canals. He could
make himself so tall that he could move from one town to another with a single
giant leap. Lange Wapper used tricks to approach women to get their breast
milk. He teased drunks, cheated while playing with children and laughed like
the devil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1952, the archaeological museum in Het Steen
was replaced by the National Maritime Museum, which however immediately from
1953 until 1958 was inaccessible because of the renovation work. The doors of
this museum eventually were closed on December 28, 2008. From 2010, the
collection of the museum was transferred to the nearby built Museum Aan de
Stroom (Museum on the River). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 2012, the building was redeveloped to
"Het Steen the wise", "active house which invites thinkers,
dreamers and doers".</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the
preparation of this article, were used some materials of websites: </span></b></span><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">www.wikipedia.org</span></b></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></b><a href="http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=het+steen&f=hp"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">www.flickr.com</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">and </span></b><a href="http://www.cult-turist.ru/place-interes/one-place/4239/?q=497&plint=4239"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">www.cult-turist.ru</span></b></a></span><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></b></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-58555963367201767952012-11-05T14:50:00.000-08:002013-02-13T12:18:25.029-08:00Löwenburg<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Löwenburg
(German: Löwenburg, literally: "Lion Castle") is one of the most
beautiful castles in the world. The castle is located in the German town of
Kassel, in the Wilhelmshöhe Mountain Park, on the Bavaria mountain, altitude 92
meters above sea level.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj627oyJI6uu62z2ke127snppAfPUzvwJWvscUZ_o0gPi1Nwov6jUWIhWrOEYY4z2SoBGWRT6np_v4hgX2mnE5AYKRmwkv5YHr6aGqb5NJkkBSxqtR7x0A4wx_zzC1BPCRV-o7nZUGesKw/s1600/317706441_97c8c6bd44_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj627oyJI6uu62z2ke127snppAfPUzvwJWvscUZ_o0gPi1Nwov6jUWIhWrOEYY4z2SoBGWRT6np_v4hgX2mnE5AYKRmwkv5YHr6aGqb5NJkkBSxqtR7x0A4wx_zzC1BPCRV-o7nZUGesKw/s400/317706441_97c8c6bd44_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/64479867@N00/317706441/sizes/l/">www.flickr.com</a></span>, <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/64479867@N00/">Ela2007</a> </span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From a distance it appears to the visitor as a
romantic Gothic castle from the Middle Ages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, it was built between 1793 and 1801 at the time when the era of
construction of the formidable and fortified castles in Germany was ended a few
centuries ago. William IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, inspired by the medieval
romance, commissioned the architect Heinrich Christoph Jussow build the castle,
which can be compared with the English medieval palaces.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The castle was served as a residence for William
IX and his mistress Caroline of Schlotheim. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">And after his death
on February, 27, 1821, William IX was buried in the chapel of the castle.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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<table border="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTb77DNL6wB9Z9z8P9qlvnXSM2Pnj0qEyHVcTXnD6c1U5IHtICgvjt2cT2ML-28ufOywGhnA31darm6f4biEyQPy16lUrd-1-D-z9O12sDFhaPWgvBddU7IvQrpTmVhI4Y-KhyphenhyphenmIndoGU/s1600/143022944_39b680021a_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTb77DNL6wB9Z9z8P9qlvnXSM2Pnj0qEyHVcTXnD6c1U5IHtICgvjt2cT2ML-28ufOywGhnA31darm6f4biEyQPy16lUrd-1-D-z9O12sDFhaPWgvBddU7IvQrpTmVhI4Y-KhyphenhyphenmIndoGU/s400/143022944_39b680021a_z.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/schoschie/143022944/sizes/z/">www.flickr.com</a></span>, <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/schoschie/">schoschie</a> </span></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td><td><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name:</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Löwenburg</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Location: Wilhelmshöhe
Mountain Park</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">City: Kassel</span></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">State: Hesse</span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Country: Germany</span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Material:
</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stone</span></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Architectural style: Neo-Gothic</span></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Construction: </span></span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">between 1793 and 1801</span></span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Condition:
opened to the public</span></span></b><span style="background: white; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Website: </span></span></b><a href="http://www.museum-kassel.de/"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">www.museum-kassel.de</span></span></b></a>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.se/"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></a></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The castle of Löwenburg looks like a real
castle, but in fact it is not anything like that.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is an imitation of a medieval knight's
castle, the romantic image of the ancient ruins that had been destroyed at the
design stage, so that everything was "as though in fact". However, the
art historical value of the castle in German culture is very high. Many argue
that it is here that history began Gothic Revival in Germany, because the
castle is the first monumental building after a long time in this style. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For the implementation ideas of William IX, the
architect had to go to England for a more detailed study of the English
romantic ruins of fortresses, and plan of construction of magnificent Lowenburg
and the surrounding garden.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhawhnhAUdUv6V3jTvaaqyuFMx5LE-dF-yCnYtW5xUkMSDs2ntfBQlpt5_YgjHxTvCT7mQSWx2ZeGCp99VT4xgKI8_iRQsnsZyjAYmtx6n0mvAtz7MTvJywz3Cp4TytCUNBUOGjvTNYtRQ/s1600/4745832383_45d521d401_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhawhnhAUdUv6V3jTvaaqyuFMx5LE-dF-yCnYtW5xUkMSDs2ntfBQlpt5_YgjHxTvCT7mQSWx2ZeGCp99VT4xgKI8_iRQsnsZyjAYmtx6n0mvAtz7MTvJywz3Cp4TytCUNBUOGjvTNYtRQ/s400/4745832383_45d521d401_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomky/4745832383/sizes/l/">www.flickr.com</a></span>, <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomky/">thomky</a> </span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The whole complex is a beautiful garden in the
English style, with thematic branches. This is the first such facilities in
Europe. In the garden you can see fake aqueducts of Rome, fake temples of
Greece and actually fake castle ruins.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Around a quadrangular yard there are grouped
buildings, which just had to be present in every medieval castle. Among of
these constructions there are the main tower, the gates<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the open gallery. Outside the castle is
surrounded by a moat, and you can get to it through the drawbridge. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The inner atmosphere of the castle is also
unique. Here you can find the original medieval furniture, altar slabs, weapons
and armor on the walls, tables for games, statues of bronze and stained glass
windows. Most rooms and parts of Löwenburg is opened to tourists. Next to the
building there is armory of weapons and armor 16-17 centuries, as well as the
chapel with the tomb of the founder.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguUi3tRCzHBB8QjAVzTkG90e25pkvRkwtAb-EWuEO0F2l2DNioaTLhyYU3lVlu24S2Rdwg4__W1bmdi1kFE5JyNujo8UpAXZ_LGeNN3OxcCMsNLKm6mcQ4DCNCSSKNpaEEuaNXE8qHKRY/s1600/2695389983_0931ed1fb2_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguUi3tRCzHBB8QjAVzTkG90e25pkvRkwtAb-EWuEO0F2l2DNioaTLhyYU3lVlu24S2Rdwg4__W1bmdi1kFE5JyNujo8UpAXZ_LGeNN3OxcCMsNLKm6mcQ4DCNCSSKNpaEEuaNXE8qHKRY/s400/2695389983_0931ed1fb2_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This is a file from </span></b><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/124330160/2695389983/sizes/l/"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">www.flickr.com, </span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/124330160/">Andreas</a></span></b></span>, <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">License</a> </span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1945, in the World
War II, the city of Kassel, as an important military industrial city was bombed
by Royal Air Force. As a result of these bombing, Löwenburg was largely
destroyed (there was only a stair tower with some remains of the walls). There
was also damaged most of the plants of the park. Therefore, the castle was
subjected to a serious reconstruction in the postwar years. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Currently, Löwenburg is
one of the most popular tourist attractions in Germany and Kassel.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The castle is also
called by the Disneyland of its time, because in most Walt Disney cartoons
about the Middle Ages, it was used by the prototype of the castle. Tourist
route through the city of Kassel, and in particular, through Löwenburg is
called "German way of fairy tales". This is one of the most popular
routes in Germany.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">In the preparation of this
article, were used some materials of websites: <a href="http://www.museum-kassel.de/index_navi.php?parent=1315">www.museum-kassel.de</a></span>,<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6wenburg_(Kassel)"><span lang="EN-US">www.wikipedia.org</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, <a href="http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=L%C3%B6wenburg#page=4">www.flickr.com</a>,
<a href="http://wideopenroad.ru/strany/germaniya/levenburg-rukotvornoe-chudo-v-nemetskom-gorodke-kassel.html">wideopenroad.ru</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <a href="http://www.castlesguide.ru/germany/lowenburg.html">www.castlesguide.ru</a>.</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-12302422348683097002012-11-01T17:44:00.001-07:002013-02-13T12:18:14.946-08:00Kalmar Castle<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kalmar Castle (Swedish: Kalmar slott) is one of
the most significant creations of Northern European fortification art of the
Renaissance. The castle is located in the small town of Kalmar in the province
Småland on the southern coast of Sweden.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdKAR5ZwEQVAxFiv-FGZtmBIVl_kAbO1BBCOYag6x8ebvHpH9dIwnV8sxH_qL9F5Dzqod1qHZtQO6wJqZ9ptS0COn1Q4dJ9L9EiiFS9eKJSJjRKfKT9IAEQROuILxdIRyPSwjUCZ-WUk/s1600/Kalmar_Slott_by_geeson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdKAR5ZwEQVAxFiv-FGZtmBIVl_kAbO1BBCOYag6x8ebvHpH9dIwnV8sxH_qL9F5Dzqod1qHZtQO6wJqZ9ptS0COn1Q4dJ9L9EiiFS9eKJSJjRKfKT9IAEQROuILxdIRyPSwjUCZ-WUk/s400/Kalmar_Slott_by_geeson.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from <a href="http://geeson.deviantart.com/art/Kalmar-Slott-121630490">geeson.deviantart.com</a></span>, <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Author: <a href="http://geeson.deviantart.com/">geeson</a> </span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The area around Kalmar has been inhabited since
ancient times. At the diggings have been found traces of ancient burials of the
stone age. However, the first mentions of this place belong to the 11th
century. According to a medieval folk tale, the Norwegian patron Saint Olav had
moved his ships to Kalmar strait. There are very few written sources of this
event, but archaeologists found a stone, in which there is mention of this
strait.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The first fortifications in Kalmar were
established in the end of 12th century, with the construction of a round tower
for shelter, defense against pirates and lookout. At that time, there was also
constructed a harbor. It is believed that the city of Kalmar reached its flourishing
in the 13<sup>th</sup> century, largely due to the rich merchants of Lübeck and
the Hanseatic League. The oldest city’s seal of Kalmar dates from the period of
1255 to 1267 years, making it the oldest known city’s seal in Scandinavia.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The construction of more powerful
fortifications began in 1280's at the behest of the King Magnus III Ladulås of
Sweden (reigned from 1275 until 1290). During this period, there were built a
new fortress with a curtain wall, round corner towers and two square gatehouses
surrounding the original tower. Located near the site of Kalmar's medieval
harbor, it has played a crucial part in Swedish history since its initial construction
as a fortified tower in the 12<sup>th</sup> century.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/cesardasilva/3410526150/sizes/l/">www.flickr.com</a></span>, <span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/cesardasilva/">Cesar da Silva</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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</td><td><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Name:</b></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kalmar slott</b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Municipality: Kalmar
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</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Province: Småland</b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
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</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Country: Sweden</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Material:</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
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</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Brick, Limestone</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Architectural style: Renaissance</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Start of construction: </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>the
end of 12th century</b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Condition: opened to the public</b></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Website: </b></span><a href="http://www.kalmarslott.se/"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>www.kalmarslott.se</b></span></a></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.se/"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></a></span></b><br />
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Due to its favorable
location, the </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kalmar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">castle
was also a frequent meeting place for politicians of the time. For example, in
1266 Birger Jarl, the owner of the castle, his sons, and many religious and
secular parties have taken the papal legate, Cardinal Guido. During this
meeting was addressed the issue of the status of the Swedish church lands and
public affairs.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">November 10, 1276, in
the castle, King Magnus III Ladulås held a wedding ceremony. His choice was
Helvig av Holstein. The reign of King Magnus III was characterized by the rise
of the nation, which allowed to realize such an ambitious project. Despite
this, all works were completed only about 1300 in the reign of Tyrgyl Knutsson.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Following completion of
the construction of fortifications Kalmar became one of the most protected
places not only in Sweden, but in the whole of Scandinavia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Usually, medieval fortifications
often were reconstructed to meet the tastes of the new owners, and Kalmar
Castle was no exception. Despite this the walls of the courtyard and the tower
remained unchanged for centuries.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1359, Bo Jonsson
Grip became Lord-Constable of Kalmar Castle. He had close ties with the King
Magnus Eriksson (King Magnus IV was king of Sweden from 1319 until 1364) and
had a lot of power in the kingdom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1397, at the castle
of Kalmar, Queen Margaret of Denmark and Norway (daughter of Valdemar Atterdag
and the widow of the Norwegian King Haakon VI) had gathered the most
distinguished nobles from all three Scandinavian countries: Denmark, Sweden and
Norway (Finland, then was part of Sweden). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">July 13, 1397, the
Kalmar Union treaty was signed, under which the Scandinavian countries were
ruled by one king, and the single strategy was carried out in foreign policy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">A month earlier, on
17th June 1397, in the castle, the son of the daughter of Queen Margaret, fifteen
year old Erik av Pommern was proclaimed the first king of the three
Scandinavian countries.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The Kalmar Union treaty
was destined to last for more than 120 years (until 1523), although initially
it was not designed as a tightly knit monoliths. In particular, in this treaty
was stated that "each of the three kingdoms... will be governed by their
own laws."</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The
actual power was in the hands of Margaret I, until her death. She reigned in
the Union even when, as in 1401, Eric VII became an adult. Kalmar Castle itself
was a meeting place of politicians of the union.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixEDKQDCqeT4IujRUfT-XkqhlSZDtAiU62bMmQSXXQbGyElvnt29hMA7X8CgcPLdNXrdtFUh8h_F9SWA11wCrSRTDtjkQ_yakADuVeB6W7TOPUEwdEeMRVEYCjVqzBjYFR7apIgKdDCvg/s1600/Vykort+Kalmar+Slott+fran+luften.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixEDKQDCqeT4IujRUfT-XkqhlSZDtAiU62bMmQSXXQbGyElvnt29hMA7X8CgcPLdNXrdtFUh8h_F9SWA11wCrSRTDtjkQ_yakADuVeB6W7TOPUEwdEeMRVEYCjVqzBjYFR7apIgKdDCvg/s400/Vykort+Kalmar+Slott+fran+luften.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><a href="http://www.jarnling.se/Vykort%20Kalmar%20slott,%20Kalmar.htm"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">www.jarnling.se, </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Autor: <a href="http://www.jarnling.se/">Torgil Jarnling</a> </span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1523, after liberation war against the
Danes, Gustav Eriksson Vasa (Gustav I of Sweden was King of Sweden from 1523
until his death in 1560) had become the King of Sweden. After clashes between
the Danes and the Swedes, Kalmar Castle eventually was appeared in hands of Swedes.
The castle walls were severely damaged during the clashes, and therefore were
needed repair. Furthermore, the appearance of firearms led to the obsolescence
of the castle fortifications. In the 1540s, King Gustav Vasa, would organize a
reconstruction of the castle.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The full reconstruction
of the castle was not completed because of shortage of money in the treasury.
However, due to reconstruction works, in 1543, the defenders of the castle
managed to repel the rebel attack led by Nils Dacke.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1542, people's
revolt in the province of Småland arose after the proclamation of Lutheranism
in Sweden and ban trade with Denmark. After the unsuccessful assault on the Kalmar
Castle, in August 1543, the rebels were defeated by the armies of Gustav Vasa in
the village of Blikenge. Nils Dacke was killed. The siege of the castle by the
rebels during the Dacke War («Dackefejd») showed weaknesses in the defense. Therefore,
the strengthening of the citadel was continued on a large scale.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Later, during the reign
of Erik XIV (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">reigned</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> from
1560 until 1568) and Johan III (rules from 1568 until 1592) the castle was
extended and rebuilt in the Renaissance style. In the east and south of the
fortifications were rebuilt, on the east side, two new gun turrets were
constructed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1602, Kalmar city
became a diocese, a position it held until 1903. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">During the so-called Kalmar
War in 1611-1613 years, the castle was repeatedly besieged. May 8, 1611 to the
walls of the castle came the Danish army of 6,000 men, led by King Christian IV.
May 27, 1611, the Kalmar city was in the hands of the Danes and totally looted,
but the castle was impregnable. Seeing such destruction, King Carl IX, July 11,
went to help the castle with an army of 12,000 men. It seemed that Danes could
oppose nothing to the Swedish army, and the German generals in the army of
Christian IV fell into despair, but the Danish fleet came to help.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">After lengthy negotiations
with the commandant of Kalmar Krister Soma, August 4, 1611, the castle was
handed to Danes for the plot of land in Holstein and the money reward.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kalmar Castle was returned
under the control of Sweden only during the reign of Gustav II Adolf. During
his reign, the castle was restored, and in 1658, the city o f Kalmar was
transfered move away from the castle to Kvarnholmen. The new, fortified town
was planned after the current renaissance ideals. According to this pattern
were placed church and town hall across from each other at a major square
Stortorget Kalmar. The cathedral was built, designed by Nicodemus Tessin the
Elder and is one of the foremost examples of barockklassicismens breakthrough
in Sweden.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1642, a fire
destroyed the east wing of the castle, very damaging Great East Hall, the
largest in the castle, more than 400 m, which served as a venue for banquets.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Under the terms of peace
treaty, signed in Roskilde in 1658, Denmark border retreated further from
Kalmar, and the castle temporarily lost its military significance. But, as it
was often at that time, already in 1672-1678 years, the peace treaty was
violated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During this period, Kalmar
Castle was constantly under siege. There were about 22 attacks of the castle,
but it was never taken.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">After the border of
Sweden was moved to Öresund Strait, Kalmar Castle began to decline. In 17-18 centuries
royals only occasionally visited the castle. King Charles XI (reigned from 1673
until 1692) was the last royal, who lived in the castle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">During the 18<sup>th</sup> century, in the castle, was a prison and grain warehouse, and during the reign
of Gustav III, there was arranged distillery plant. The plant was not
profitable and was closed in 1787.</span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwiNXdi08cH6zV_gQIg6wzC3A6gVFmAyvwjdv6VpN9Bg-G6xeliXZakBf-fu_KlRCt0GL3p1oY2UjsZJGiNa1S_VzLs2fQljmev2hTOt6Pc8JWY9dN5tUX0BmuioDdeNoHFj5WjChbCFc/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwiNXdi08cH6zV_gQIg6wzC3A6gVFmAyvwjdv6VpN9Bg-G6xeliXZakBf-fu_KlRCt0GL3p1oY2UjsZJGiNa1S_VzLs2fQljmev2hTOt6Pc8JWY9dN5tUX0BmuioDdeNoHFj5WjChbCFc/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/17869862">www.panoramio.com</a></span></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Autor: <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/user/2691829?with_photo_id=17869862">Jarl Ingves</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibVeaRLWBlO8Fe8SnAjtKgA1uolgf2MMWNTMLBSOv0jY1x8ZNjuiTsj9uNNUJGvMn4F9bvZfQOfMmt1Q_uWa7CDmu1qATEFZmyEtDvovdkgtnPwxEMHw13G2QJvIIz_UlJnXXbhYC_bA4/s1600/slottet-vinter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1852, in the city,
there was built a new prison. In 1856, architect Fredrik Wilhelm Scholander
(1816–1881) initiated restoration work at Kalmar Castle. His pupil Helgo
Zettervall continued restoring Kalmar Castle in the 1880s. Architect Carl
Möller drew up the plans and other documents. The work began in 1885 and by
1891 the castle had gained the silhouette it bears today. In 1919 professor
Martin Olsson was encharged the continuing restoration of earthworks, the moat,
the bridge and the drawbridge. Work continued until 1941, when the castle was
once more surrounded by water. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Today, it is one of
Sweden's best preserved renaissance castles and is open to the public.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">In the preparation of this
article, were used some materials of websites:: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span><span lang="EN-US">, <a href="http://www.kalmarslott.se/">www.kalmarslott.se</a></span> <span lang="EN-US">and <a href="http://www.allcastles.ru/castles/sweden/kalmar-slott">www.allcastles.ru</a></span></b></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-28878925515903095082012-10-31T15:54:00.001-07:002013-02-13T12:18:00.197-08:00Château d'If<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Château d'If is a fortress (later a prison)
located on the island of If in the Frioul Archipelago (L`Archipel du Frioul)
situated in the Mediterranean Sea. The Frioul Archipelago consists of four
islands, all reaching 200 hectares. The island of If, adjacent to the islands Pomeg
and Raton, is the smallest island of the archipelago of Friuli (at the widest
point the island reaches 180 m, and the maximum length is 300 m) and is located
about a mile offshore in the Bay of Marseille in southeastern France.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgYUmqCrRg6izfuxVsBw-TVxfqC34gQPSZ3WyBbFwDlgN5s8qxjgBurVxU3Ispl85LzLmArgzkiR-VxM2d5kWGeB9rnKjugzMLag1fdTW-8NJgOemfU_YmaZPnMmDpjVmc0UOw9xqSJ2U/s1600/chateau_d__If_by_NeijaZeugme.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgYUmqCrRg6izfuxVsBw-TVxfqC34gQPSZ3WyBbFwDlgN5s8qxjgBurVxU3Ispl85LzLmArgzkiR-VxM2d5kWGeB9rnKjugzMLag1fdTW-8NJgOemfU_YmaZPnMmDpjVmc0UOw9xqSJ2U/s400/chateau_d__If_by_NeijaZeugme.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from website <a href="http://neijazeugme.deviantart.com/art/chateau-d-If-103636942">neijazeugme.deviantart.com</a></span></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Author: <a href="http://neijazeugme.deviantart.com/">NeijaZeugme</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1516, after the victory at Marignane, King
Francis I stopped in Marseilles, where he drew attention to the fact that the
city does not protected from possible attacks. The King praised the strategic
importance of the island and ordered to build a fortress. However, 8 years
later, Marcel was still defenseless and at that time, the city was besieged by
the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V under the command of Charles of Bourbon,
a former military leader of France, who crossed over to the Holy Roman Empire.
Marcel heroically defended, and after several months of Bourbon was forced to
retreat. This case showed the need to strengthen the approaches to the city. The
château was built in 1524-1531. However, its construction was extremely
controversial. When Marseille was annexed to France in 1481, it retained the
right to provide for its own defence. Therefore, the castle was seen by many of
the local inhabitants as an unwanted imposition of central authority. And when,
after an attack of Admiral Doria, which also passed to Charles V, the island
housed a garrison of 200 soldiers and 22 pieces of artillery, residents also
did not cease to protest against the deployment of the castle.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The castle's principal military value was as a
deterrent, but it had never been attacked. The closest that it came to a
genuine test of strength was in July 1531, when the Holy Roman Emperor Charles
V made preparations to attack Marseille. However, he abandoned the invasion
plan, perhaps deterred by the presence of the castle.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This was perhaps
fortunate, given the weaknesses identified by the military engineer Vauban in a
scathing report in 1701: "The fortifications look like the rock, they are
fully rendered, but very roughly and carelessly, with many imperfections. The
whole having been very badly built and with little care…"</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSNSU0x92EnGaP__ehDunbBGekIgtr_VUvLwGNzFTWDajMlGGwBUHKHnxT_k4yqhcM27L_HtHmdHdOwqaWwSZLMvI4yHg0Xd9tLUzImCC1s6LZ4iFa7VOlUcVttT1qsJmscjF5mZc-6C0/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSNSU0x92EnGaP__ehDunbBGekIgtr_VUvLwGNzFTWDajMlGGwBUHKHnxT_k4yqhcM27L_HtHmdHdOwqaWwSZLMvI4yHg0Xd9tLUzImCC1s6LZ4iFa7VOlUcVttT1qsJmscjF5mZc-6C0/s400/1.jpg" width="376" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.pinkvalise.com/2011/08/03/guide-chateau-dif-marseille-france/">www.pinkvalise.com</a></span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></b></div>
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</td><td><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Name:</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Château d'If</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Location: </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">I</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">sland of If </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">(about a mile offshore in the Bay of Marseille city)</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Department: Bouches-du-Rhône</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Region: Provence-Alpes-Côte
d'Azur</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Country:</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">France</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span></b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Material:</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Brick, Chalk stone</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></b></h1>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Construction: </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">1524-1531</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></b></h1>
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Condition: opened to the public</span></span></b><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Website: </span></span></b><a href="http://if.monuments-nationaux.fr/"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">if.monuments-nationaux.fr</span></span></b></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.se/"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></a></span></b></h1>
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</h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The Chateau d'If was the
ideal place to keep dangerous prisoners. The isolated location and hazardous
coastal streams made escapes virtually impossible. So, in 1580, the fortress
became a state prison. The first prisoner of the Chateau d'If was named
Chevalier Anselm, accused of plotting against the French crown. He was found
strangled in his cell.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">After the abolition of
the Edict of Nantes, in 1696-1713, during the religious wars of the prison were
kept many Protestant Huguenots. At that time, the social differences existed
even for the prisoners. Not everyone had equal rights. The prisoners of the
upper chamber in the Chateau d'If, which had the ability to pay, were free to
speak and to walk on the floor of the main tower.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">They lived
comparatively comfortably in their own private cells (or pistoles) higher up,
with windows, a garderobe and a fireplace. The poorest were literally placed at
the bottom, being confined to a windowless dungeon under the castle. In these
cells, located deep underground, separated from the rest of the world grid,
which badly missed the air ventilation, was terrible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was cold in winters and stifling in
summers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Over 3,500 Huguenots
(French Protestants) were sent to If, as was Gaston Crémieux, a leader of the
Paris Commune, who was shot there in 1871.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The island became
internationally famous in the 19th century when Alexandre Dumas used it as a
setting for The Count of Monte Cristo, published to widespread acclaim in 1844.
In the book, the main character Edmond Dantès (a commoner who later purchases
the noble title of Count) and his mentor, Abbé Faria, were both imprisoned in
it. After fourteen years, Dantès makes a daring escape from the castle,
becoming the first person ever to do so and survive. In reality, no one is
known to have done this. The modern Château d'If maintains adjacent cells named
after Dantès and Faria as a tourist attraction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">At the end of 19<sup>th</sup> the Chateau d'If ceased to perform the functions of the prison and September
23, 1890, it was opened to the public. Decree of 7 July 1926 the castle was
declared a historic monument. During World War II the Germans occupied the
Chateau d'If, in consequence, it suffered from the bombing in 1944.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpJ7K7gJJDrVcskbhXEjsGksoAjNZNT9mQqXZAYLStPRmFtTrdfpZlpacv9VrLtvJab8rnzPnL2vi_XGJFZzsLP2CrO7GQHTLQJjm_F40tluk1HDQI0uxZg8D_oQ27GfS08jJ3dKrKRGM/s1600/IsledIf_ChateaudIf_Marseille_NDDLG_11032007_JD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpJ7K7gJJDrVcskbhXEjsGksoAjNZNT9mQqXZAYLStPRmFtTrdfpZlpacv9VrLtvJab8rnzPnL2vi_XGJFZzsLP2CrO7GQHTLQJjm_F40tluk1HDQI0uxZg8D_oQ27GfS08jJ3dKrKRGM/s400/IsledIf_ChateaudIf_Marseille_NDDLG_11032007_JD.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This is a file from the </span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IsledIf_ChateaudIf_Marseille_NDDLG_11032007_JD.jpg"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wikimedia Commons</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Autor: </span><a href="http://www.jandrewes.de/"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Jan Drewes</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en"><span style="font-size: x-small;">License</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Château d'If </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">is a square,
three-story building 28 m long on each side, flanked by three towers with large
cannon embrasures. The remainder of the island, which only measures 30,000
square meters, is heavily fortified with high ramparts and cannon platforms.
The tallest tower, the tower of Saint Christophe, is located in the north-west
side, at 22 meters above sea level. It was built in the period of 1524-1527
years. Donjon was built in 1529, two other towers, i.e., Tower of Saint-Jaume
and Tower Maugouvert, are located respectively in the north-east and
south-east, opposite the city. Three Towers are merged by wide terrace, which
overlooks the close and deep inner courtyards in which two levels: the camera
and kitchen are in the lower level, and the casemates are in the top. In the
center of the courtyard is a well with a huge oak wheel and the shaft on which
are wound a chain with pail. On the sides of the yard are located terraces with
casemates and old grills.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Currently, the Chateau
d'If is a "visiting card" of Marseille. Its fame as the setting for
Dumas' novel has made it a popular tourist destination. It can now be reached
by boat from Marseille's old port. In the castle there are excursions to cells,
selling souvenirs, and in the open area is a cafe with a view of Marseille.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The Château d'If is
listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">In the preparation of this
article, were used some materials of websites:: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d'If"><span lang="EN-US">www.wikipedia.org</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://island-of-mc.narod.ru/if_r.html">island-of-mc.narod.ru/if_r.html</a></span> and <a href="http://if.monuments-nationaux.fr/">if.monuments-nationaux.fr</a>.</span></b></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-42645963412771733312012-10-30T16:39:00.002-07:002013-02-13T12:17:50.129-08:00Khotyn Fortress<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Khotyn
Fortress (Ukrainian: </span>Хотинська<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span>фортеця<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, Polish: twierdza w Chocimiu,
Turkish: Hotin Kalesi, Romanian: Cetatea Hotinului) is a fortification complex
located on the right bank of the Dniester River in Khotyn town, Chernivtsi
Oblast’, Ukraine.</span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSmkSR9aTbtMdfbzmEuNhrAFKIN3_MovVeq5TQff6Qs1geBm0RZ2EKKvuahIyeXyvfMOODNDoEkJxdvVdtfRVzyZ0tZxIm9DEVTXWgbmGJpsLk-PnTCh236MC9D_GC2-oJxGed1Khft_c/s1600/Khotyn-Fortress1111111111111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSmkSR9aTbtMdfbzmEuNhrAFKIN3_MovVeq5TQff6Qs1geBm0RZ2EKKvuahIyeXyvfMOODNDoEkJxdvVdtfRVzyZ0tZxIm9DEVTXWgbmGJpsLk-PnTCh236MC9D_GC2-oJxGed1Khft_c/s400/Khotyn-Fortress1111111111111.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from <a href="http://funnyfunda.com/amazing-pictures/khotyn-fortress.php#more-13362">funnyfunda.com</a></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The beginning of Khotyn Fortress goes back to
the Khotyn Fort. The fort was built in the 10<sup>th</sup> century by Prince
Vladimir Sviatoslavich as one of the border fortifications of southwestern Kyivan
Rus', after he added the land of present-day Bukovina into his control. The Khotyn
fort, which eventually was rebuilt into a fortress, was located on important
transportation routes, which connected Scandinavia and Kyiv with the Lowlands,
Podillia, Genoese and Greek colonies on the Black Sea, through Moldavia and
Wallachia, on the famous "trade route from the Varangians to the
Greeks". The fortification was built on a rocky cape, which was formed by
the high right bank of the Dniester River and the valley of small its
tributary. The cape was called "Khotin" from the Ukrainian verb
"</span>хот<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span>ти<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">" (literally "to want")
because the cape was desirable and safe place for the ancient settlers.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the beginning, it was a closed earthen wall,
with wooden walls and fortifications. It was built to protection the settlement
of Khotyn and the river crossing. The first stone castle was small. It was
located at the cape, where the northern tower is located, and extended south to
the current Governor's Palace. Throughout the centuries, this fortress
underwent many destructions, reconstructions and expansions.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMVQUg46bcZ-dG20vFv8hIrAXboQf67QYYO0OIdrhN9hI_nHu9TfqWvsnQThZDZQqKQAxpDhzxsx3FQjIgcIKvseMwpzwPooFWAcADjprOKq3y1wEJDUCCQVu8R5AyxKoPiqHn-3FW-mE/s1600/P1020615.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMVQUg46bcZ-dG20vFv8hIrAXboQf67QYYO0OIdrhN9hI_nHu9TfqWvsnQThZDZQqKQAxpDhzxsx3FQjIgcIKvseMwpzwPooFWAcADjprOKq3y1wEJDUCCQVu8R5AyxKoPiqHn-3FW-mE/s320/P1020615.JPG" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Author: Andy Shal</b></span></td></tr>
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</td><td><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name:</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Khotyn Fortress</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
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</span></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Location:</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Khotyn</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">District</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-size: small;">: </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Khotynskyi Raion</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
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</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Region</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-size: small;">: </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Chernivtsi Oblast'</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
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</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Country:
Ukraine</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Material:</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brick</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Construction: </span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">1250s-1340s</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
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opened to the public</span></span></b></span><br />
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</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.se/"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></a></span></b></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">At the end of the 11th
century Khotyn fortress belonged to Terebovlia principality. </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">During the 1140s the
fortress became part of Halych Principality, and in 1199 was part of the
Halych-Volhynian Kingdom. In 1250-64, Prince Danylo of Halych and his son Lev,
rebuilt the fortress. They added a half-meter (20 in) stone wall and a 6-meter
(20 ft) wide moat around the fortress. In the northern part of the fortress,
were added new military buildings as well. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the second half of
the 13th century, it was also rebuilt by the Genoese.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1340-ies, Khotyn
became a part of Kingdom of Hungary, and from 1375, it had been a part of
Principality of Moldavia. Under the rule of Stephen the Great of Moldavia the
fortress was greatly expanded. He personally supervised the reconstruction. Under
his leadership, were built new high walls, decorated with geometric ornaments.
The width of the walls was 5–6-meter (16–20 ft) and the height was 40 meters
(130 ft). At that time, three towers were also added and the level of the
courtyard was raised on 10 meters (33 ft). The courtyard was divided into 2
parts: the princes' yard and the soldiers' yard. In the fortress were also dug
deep basements, which served as barracks to soldiers and places for storing
provisions. This reconstruction brought the fortress to the structure it has
today, except the south fence walls and South (Entrance) gate with wooden
bridges, which were built by the Turks in the early 18th century. During
14th-16th centuries the Fortress served as a residence to Moldavian Princes.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1476, the garrison
successfully held the Fortress against Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">However, on the verge
of 15 and 16 centuries, Principality of Moldavia became a vassal of Ottoman
Empire. A janissary unit was stationed inside the fortress since then,
alongside the Moldavian troops. During this time the Turks expanded and
fortified the Fortress.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_9Tdz_Jw2MlqD9hidRv5QdrikusTxl2iCOSjgRP8KnlUzFSZ-OlqaMqL5QSKVvtz6I50BIcLcuxHOQU59ySPd9_iEV3KT_JLXg6b8chhUPIzJsG8K4AiWC_5frKk52WSSQktEcp4RtlQ/s1600/Chocim_stronghold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_9Tdz_Jw2MlqD9hidRv5QdrikusTxl2iCOSjgRP8KnlUzFSZ-OlqaMqL5QSKVvtz6I50BIcLcuxHOQU59ySPd9_iEV3KT_JLXg6b8chhUPIzJsG8K4AiWC_5frKk52WSSQktEcp4RtlQ/s400/Chocim_stronghold.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Chocim_stronghold.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">, </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Autor: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Palladinus">Palladinus</a></span></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en">License</a> </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1538, under the
leadership of Great Crown Hetman Jan Tarnowski, Khotyn fortress was taken by
storm by Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forces.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Commonwealth forces undermined the walls of the
Fortress, destroyed three towers and part of the western wall.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">After its<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>capture, the Poles rebuilt the citadel in
1540-1544 years, but then they lost it. In 1563, Dmytro Vyshnevetsky with five
hundred Zaporozhian Cossacks captured the Fortress and held it for a time.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1600 father of Petro
Mohyla, Semen, previous ruler of both Moldavia and Wallachia, and his brother
Prince of Moldovia Ieremia Movilă, with Polish support, took refuge in the
Fortress. They fought a dynastic battle against the forces of Moldavia and
Wallachia led by Michael the Brave, who was trying to capture it, then took
refuge to Poland.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1615 the Polish army
again captured Khotyn, and in 1620 the city was captured back by the Turkish
army.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In September-October
1621, the Commonwealth army under command of hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and
Petro Sahaidachny, Yatsko Borodavka (about 50,000 troops) successfully held off
the army of Turkish sultan, Osman II (estimated at 100,000), in the Battle of
Khotyn. On October 8, 1621 the Khotyn Peace Treaty was signed, stopping the
Ottoman advance into the Commonwealth and confirming the Commonwealth-Ottoman
border on the Dniester river (the border of the Principality of Moldova). </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the spring of 1650, the Ukrainian forces, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky exempt the city for a period of time.</span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1653, in the
Zhvanets Battle on the left bank of Dniester, a garrison of Turks from Khotyn
were fighting in the battle along with the forces of the Principality of
Moldova. In November 1673, the Khotyn Fortress was lost by the Turks and Jan
Sobieski started to occupy Khotyn with a Polish-Cossack army.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">With the 1699 Karlowitz
Peace Treaty, the fortress was transferred from the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth to Moldavia. In 1711, Khotyn was again taken over by the Turks.
During following six years (1712-18), Turks fortified the Khotyn fortres and it
became the foremost stronghold of the Ottoman defense in Eastern Europe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1739, after the
Russians defeated the Turks in the Battle of Stavuchany (today Stavceane), they
laid siege on the Khotyn fortress. The commander of the Turkish forces, Iliaş
Colceag surrendered the fortress to the Russian commander Burkhard Christoph
von Münnich.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1769 and 1788, the Russians again successfully stormed the fortress, but every time it was given back according to peace treaties. Only after the Russian-Turkish War (1806-1812), according to the Treaty of Bucharest, all the land between the rivers Dniester and Prut rivers, including Khotyn, became the part of the Russian Empire. However, when the Turks were retreating, they almost completely ruined the fortress. Initially fortress was reconstructed and strengthened.<br />In 1826, the town of Khotyn was given a coat of arms.<br />In 1830-1832, under the project of architect Shtaubert, was built the garrison church of Alexander Nevsky. But soon the political situation was changed, Khotyn was no longer a border city, and the medieval castle was a bad hiding place for modern artillery. In 1856, the government ended the status of the Khotyn Fortress as a military entity of the Russian Empire.<br /> In 1867-1868 years, in the heart of the modern Khotyn, was built Holy Protection Church.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinMqVw-JBRTdGGH8GkKfYNtFysmH9De4a3Jr6dbab5DSPckdzGdQ0WgRTrW5YJvLHCxprgZ7w0Y7TI9jjdN9hG4kfDmhQy7C87j1eSpWYmS9z7UVVJl8bQ53cFxgR6PwfY5iMxmXR4uU8/s1600/5566232125_39b4e7526a_o3333333333.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinMqVw-JBRTdGGH8GkKfYNtFysmH9De4a3Jr6dbab5DSPckdzGdQ0WgRTrW5YJvLHCxprgZ7w0Y7TI9jjdN9hG4kfDmhQy7C87j1eSpWYmS9z7UVVJl8bQ53cFxgR6PwfY5iMxmXR4uU8/s400/5566232125_39b4e7526a_o3333333333.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This is a file from </span></b></span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/abaransk/5566232125/"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">www.flickr.com, </span></b></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Author:</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/abaransk/"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">abaransk</span></b></a></span><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">License</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></b></span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The First World War and
the Russian Civil War took a heavy toll on the people of Khotyn. In 1918,
Khotyn was occupied by 5 states: Russia, Ukraine, the Moldovan National
Republic, Austria-Hungary, and Romania. On November 10, 1918, Khotyn was taken
over by the Kingdom of Romania. Khotyn stayed under the rule of Romania for 22
years and was the district center the Khotyn County. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fron July 6, 1941 to April 3, 1944, Khotyn was
kept by the German-Romanian armies. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Currently, Khotyn is
one of the biggest cities of the Chernivtsi oblast, an important industrial,
tourist, and cultural center of the Bukovina region. The Khotyn fortress is a
large tourist attraction for the area and Ukraine. Since 2000, it is also a
National Ukrainian Architectural Preserve.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The article is based on the materials
of websites: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khotyn_Fortress"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;">www.wikipedia.org (</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">License</a>) and<a href="http://turizm.lib.ru/s/sergej_h/hotin.shtml"> turizm.lib.ru</a></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-47574426822554476442012-10-27T16:14:00.002-07:002013-02-13T12:17:39.089-08:00Bohus Fortress<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Bohus Fortress (also known as Baahus or Bagahus;
Norwegian: Båhus festning; Swedish: Bohus fästning) is a Swedish fortress,
which is located on 40 meter cliff in Bagaholmen Island, Kungälv city, Sweden,
north east from Hisingen where the Göta river splits into two branches (20
kilometres north of Gothenburg).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihrlpui-QT04ptcFNGW-cJPLDOl7mqVtMCQ6g1a2YMtJlL4MpvHoaak2AROzI1REnY-RcfRwCjNZZTURheaWJKx2oVmiyKNXMP_g2NL6UyKfXuQB6bz0l_JgJhnE2ZAaMC_CYtS_JWOls/s1600/Bohus_f%C3%A4stning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihrlpui-QT04ptcFNGW-cJPLDOl7mqVtMCQ6g1a2YMtJlL4MpvHoaak2AROzI1REnY-RcfRwCjNZZTURheaWJKx2oVmiyKNXMP_g2NL6UyKfXuQB6bz0l_JgJhnE2ZAaMC_CYtS_JWOls/s400/Bohus_f%C3%A4stning.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">This is a file from the </span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bohus_f%C3%A4stning.jpg#file"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Wikimedia Commons</span></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Art_license"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">License</span></a></span></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Unfortunately, it is unknown,
when Kungälv, or Konghelle was founded. However, Konghelle appears in the
Icelandic sagas and the famous storyteller Snorri Sturluson actually visited
the town himself. It is believed that Konghelle settlement existed already in
the 9th century near the river with rich agriculture. In the beginning of 12th
century, the Norwegian King Sigurd I Magnusson (Sigurd Jorsalfare/Sigurd the
Crusader), who reigned AD 1103 – 1130, favored Konghelle and used it as the
capital of Norway and an important power base.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The construction of Bohus
Fortress began in 1308 under King Haakon V Magnuson, King of Norway, who reigned
AD 1299 – 1319. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the beginning of
14th century, there was a power struggle between the King of Sweden Birger
Magnusson (who reigned AD 1299 – 1319) and his brothers, the Dukes Erik and Valdemar,
all sons of King Magnus III Ladulås of Sweden. Duke Erik was married to
Ingeborg, daughter of Haakon V Magnuson of Norway, and thus had strong ties to
the Norwegian monarchy. Due to the marriage, Duke Erik gained control of Ragnhild
Holmen castle, which was built in the 13<sup>th</sup> century. The castle was
on an island, opposite Kungahälla (today, you can find only the ruins of the
castle of Hisingens beach, in Gothenburg). Ragnhild Holmen became an important
base for the Dukes Erik and Valdemar, who once controlled large parts of
today's western Sweden. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The power of previous
alliances had been undermined and the Norwegian King Haakon V Magnuson wanted
the son Erik would give back their fiefdoms. The Duke refused, and a siege of
Ragnhild Holmen castle began. Håtuna games and Nyköping Banquet are two known
events in the power struggle, which had the character of a Nordic civil war.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">According to the Swedish
Erik Chronicle, in 1308, Count of Northern Halland Jacob Nielsen urged the King
of Norway to build a fortress on the high cliff where the Göta River divides.
This allowed Duke Erik's opponents take control of communications to and from
Ragnhild Holmen. As a result, the superior strategic position of Ragnhild
Holmen castle very soon had outlived its usefulness.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnxPBuju6NP6uPWKbHW00cz35jf0t-8D4wCaTGfMC8gw_x8ZzGiV4a0QaXmgEMiriRKnxaaX21P1Svi_GGf8AV7qOhcfIu4gvOcQ1FpxKvpa8cGVe5VhaZ03ikGKyP5URh1U5FeXZQw5k/s1600/3749712776_27801fb202_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnxPBuju6NP6uPWKbHW00cz35jf0t-8D4wCaTGfMC8gw_x8ZzGiV4a0QaXmgEMiriRKnxaaX21P1Svi_GGf8AV7qOhcfIu4gvOcQ1FpxKvpa8cGVe5VhaZ03ikGKyP5URh1U5FeXZQw5k/s320/3749712776_27801fb202_o.jpg" width="272" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">This is a file from </span></b></span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/frank_duck/3749712776/sizes/o/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">www.flickr.com</span></b></span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span></b></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Author:</span></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/frank_duck/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">FrankA. Duck</span></a></b></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
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</td><td><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Name:</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bohus
Fortress</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Location: </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kungälv city</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Municipality:</span></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kungälv Municipality</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">County:
Västra Götaland County</span></span></b></h1>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Province: Bohuslän</span></span></b></span></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Country:
Sweden</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></h1>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><u1:p><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></u1:p></span></h1>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Material:</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Granite, brick, wood</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Start of construction: </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1308</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></h1>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Condition:
opened to the public </span></span></b></span><br />
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</span></span><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Websites:</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.com/"><span style="font-size: small;"> www.bohusfastning.com</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.se/"><span style="font-size: small;">www.bohusfastning.se</span></a></span></b></h1>
</div>
</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the beginning, the
Bohus fortress was built of the tree. However, since the fortress was located
in the border region, then soon it was rebuilt in stone, and it has become one
of the strongest fortresses in Scandinavia. The first commandant of Bohus ruled
the south, and later the northern part of the province, which later received
the name of strengthening Bohuslän. Bohus played an important role in the
relationship between Norway and Sweden. In 1333, in Bohus, had been herredag (the
Privy Council), where King Magnus Eriksson was declared of age. In 1344, here, the
son of Magnus Haakon was proclaimed king of Norway. In 1389, the fortress was
the place, where was held in custody King Albrecht of Mecklenburg. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the Middle Ages, the fortress was besieged numerous times, but it was never captured. In 1531, it was besieged by the Danish King Christian II. During the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570), Swedish soldiers unsuccessfully tried five times to capture it. The most serious challenge to the siege of the fortress began in March 1566, when Niels Boye and Nils Sture took four attempts to assault. During the last attempt, 250 Swedish soldiers successfully stormed and occupied the northeastern main tower. The Norwegian commander sent a volunteer to blow up the ammunition stores underneath the tower, killing the Swedes and repelling the attack. As a reward, the family of the volunteer got a piece of land which is still in property of the descendants of this volunteer.</span>
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBXatZGBcuSoJTGJg44mvpcaDlFRe3fH-fqK6fzDDwp3E-IFWu6u9_4RWI9rSWAEB3zkYZwXWAgwsDOMbXKivuB4A8AiUZBX29qUGdnMpnOX2UUsvpVlD7OH1il3U-tL2JkZjP0ZiNzS0/s1600/3731350665_f87b80f1f0_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBXatZGBcuSoJTGJg44mvpcaDlFRe3fH-fqK6fzDDwp3E-IFWu6u9_4RWI9rSWAEB3zkYZwXWAgwsDOMbXKivuB4A8AiUZBX29qUGdnMpnOX2UUsvpVlD7OH1il3U-tL2JkZjP0ZiNzS0/s400/3731350665_f87b80f1f0_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">This is a file from </span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/ruminatrix/3731350665/sizes/l/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">www.flickr.com</span></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Author:</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/ruminatrix/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">ruminatrix</span></a></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The Norwegians rebuilt
the fortress (strongly affected by the siege) of stone and brick, and
substantially reinforced it. The reconstruction immediately after the war was
directed by Hans Paaske (Påske) from the Netherlands. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1593-1604, similar
to the construction then undertaken at Akershus in Oslo, Bohus was upgraded to
a bastion fortress. A new outer fortification was raised. This construction was
one of the early works by Hans van Steenwinckel, also from the Netherlands, who
was later famous for his Dutch Renaissance style design in Denmark.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Since in that period
the Norwegian Båhuslen continuously threatened of Swedish invasions,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>then<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the improvements to the fortifications continued for years. For example
from the summer of 1651 through the autumn of 1652 the Dutch engineer Isaac van
Geelkerck directed the construction of two corner towers along the south face,
as well as the construction of a new wall around the arsenal building.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the middle of the 17<sup>th</sup> century, the fortress was a rectangle with towers, north-west of which ("Fars
hatt") was rectangular, and the remaining three, apparently circular. In
the western part of the fortress stood "Red Tower", in which the
church was located. The outer fortifications of the castle were formed as
irregular heptagon. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Under the terms of the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Denmark–Norway ceded to Sweden the Danish provinces of Scania, Blekinge and Halland and the Norwegian provinces Trondhjem and Bohuslän (including Bohus Fortress). During the Danish-Swedish War of 1675-1679's fortress was besieged again by ten thousandth Norwegian army under the command of Gyullenleve. The castle would have been forced to capitulate, if the forces of G.O. Stenbock did not come to the rescue. The almost totally destroyed fortress was rebuilt according to the plan of engineer Eric Dahlberg and until 1700, it was the residence of Bohuslän governor.</span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKKkcPVsjST2xwlCSg4XWYk2xO526Ei5Ha0jbr0B7xOLRI9uXpPSKIq2DWlkmGmgZedUT6wFVB6iKnnA_8lnk3zDgEyhlq13a71fDe1o_oP0qBRcQllAt1cJDudZHUH5aFI-R7nCIM21o/s1600/5015482039_d067bdc6e2_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKKkcPVsjST2xwlCSg4XWYk2xO526Ei5Ha0jbr0B7xOLRI9uXpPSKIq2DWlkmGmgZedUT6wFVB6iKnnA_8lnk3zDgEyhlq13a71fDe1o_oP0qBRcQllAt1cJDudZHUH5aFI-R7nCIM21o/s400/5015482039_d067bdc6e2_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">This is a file from </span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/fchmksfkcb/5015482039/sizes/l/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">www.flickr.com</span></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Author:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/fchmksfkcb/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">fchmksfkcb</span></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">After Denmark-Norway
ceded the territory which included Bohus Fortress, Fredriksten Fortress was
constructed in Fredrikshald on the newly established Norwegian-Swedish border.
Bohus Fortress was not longer located on the border and it was used by Sweden
minimally. Under the King Charles XII, the fortress cannons were transported to
Sundsborg that, according to the plan of the king, was to strengthen the border
to Danish Norway. After the death of the King, the cannons were returned to the
castle. In the 18th century Bohus castle served mainly as a prison.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The most famous
prisoner was the radical pietist Thomas Leopold, who during his life spent 42
years behind bars (32 years at Bohus castle prison) for his alleged heresies.
His stone cell can be visited at the castle today.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">At the end of the 18th
century it was decided that the now unused fortress should be demolished. Demolition
crews worked at the fortress for two months, at which time the money allocated
for the task had run out. Residents of the surrounding town of Kungälv used the
dressed stone of the fortress for building houses. However, much of the
fortress is still intact, including the large northern tower, "Fars hatt".
In 1898-1904, in the fortress were conducted archaeological excavations and
conservation work. In 1925, the ruins of the Bohus fortress taken over by the
building management, and in 1934, under the guidance of the Commission on
Unemployment, the restoration work was began. During the restoration work, were
restored main gate, which is now decorated with the monogram of Gustav V. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Currently, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the restoration work continues in the castle.
The fortress is now a museum and open to tours in the summer.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">In the preparation of this
article, were mainly used materials of websites: </span><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">www.wikipedia.org</span></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span><a href="http://www.bohusfastning.com/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">www.bohusfastning.com</span></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> and </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">www.flickr.com</span></a></span></b></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-63428253150185932582012-10-26T13:24:00.000-07:002013-02-13T12:17:27.898-08:00Palace of Pena<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Palace of Pena
(Portuguese: Palácio Nacional da Pena) is the most complete and striking
example of Portuguese architecture of Romanticism. It is located on one of the
rocky peaks in São Pedro de Penaferrim, municipality of Sintra, Portugal and
fits perfectly into the rocky landscape covered with emerald streams of
greenery.</span>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dTyTZoJTXRT7BvEGgH5oG0oych5c1dbVEeSSw7Dyl33aDShJ4sXeKfwiuU4cLKwCaJyrdYX5C2vpYlDaNDoQs0nTUosXyXI4NYuLpE2Id0s-MSCb0Xd8QCGS7GVKA2aVYKwZOsscxgo/s1600/99159387.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dTyTZoJTXRT7BvEGgH5oG0oych5c1dbVEeSSw7Dyl33aDShJ4sXeKfwiuU4cLKwCaJyrdYX5C2vpYlDaNDoQs0nTUosXyXI4NYuLpE2Id0s-MSCb0Xd8QCGS7GVKA2aVYKwZOsscxgo/s400/99159387.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><a href="http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3287612/post154518047/">www.liveinternet.ru</a>, Authors: <a href="http://manzanara.livejournal.com/">manzanara</a> and <a href="http://at-no-time.livejournal.com/">at_no_time</a></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The palace's history
started in the Middle Ages when a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Pena was
built on the top of the hill above Sintra. According to tradition, the
construction occurred after an apparition of the Virgin Mary. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1493, King John II,
accompanied by his wife Queen Leonor, made a pilgrimage to the site to fulfill
a vow. His successor, King Manuel I, was also very fond of this sanctuary, and
ordered the construction there of a monastery, which was donated to the Order of
Saint Jerome. For centuries Pena was a small, quiet place for meditation,
housing a maximum of eighteen monks.</span><br />
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<tr><td><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisSXcOyoG8YR8ILdgxzQX_t6XZMWWXMkPX9vTBZzYsJpCXu2MSY67gbhYkrXLWOJHiTUyU9ilf1dR-mDGyv1vBFtLMblCz2imYXkFKPJLwimyYtkK0mLIYeRbq5jsvkTgN4lzeqxXb2cI/s1600/Ippar-palacio-pena-aerea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisSXcOyoG8YR8ILdgxzQX_t6XZMWWXMkPX9vTBZzYsJpCXu2MSY67gbhYkrXLWOJHiTUyU9ilf1dR-mDGyv1vBFtLMblCz2imYXkFKPJLwimyYtkK0mLIYeRbq5jsvkTgN4lzeqxXb2cI/s400/Ippar-palacio-pena-aerea.jpg" width="336" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from</span>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ippar-palacio-pena-aerea.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>, Author: Unknown, </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">courtesy of <a href="http://www.ippar.pt/">IPPAR</a></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Name:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Palace
of Pena</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Location:
São Pedro de Penaferrim </span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">freguesia</span></b>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Municipality:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sintra</span></b></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Region:
</span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Lisbon</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
Country: </span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Portugal</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Styles: </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Neo-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Gothic</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Neo-Renaissance,
Neo-Manuelino</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Construction: </span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">1842-1854 </span>
</h1>
<b><br /></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Condition:
opened to the public </b></span><br />
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<b>
</b><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Website: </b><a href="http://www.parquesdesintra.pt/"><b>www.parquesdesintra.pt</b></a></span><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the 18th century the
monastery was severely damaged by lightning. In 1755, occurred the Great Lisbon
Earthquake that caused the heaviest damage the monastery, reducing it to ruins.
The chapel (and its magnificent works of marble and alabaster attributed to
Nicolau Chanterene) miraculously survived without significant damage. The area
was empty for almost a century, but even in such a dilapidated form it
impressed the young prince Ferdinand, who visited the ruins in 1838.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The prince acquired the old
monastery, all of the surrounding lands, the nearby Castle of the Moors and a
few other estates in the area on purpose to transform the remains of the
monastery into a palace that would serve as a summer residence for the
Portuguese royal family.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The construction of the
palace was carried out in 1842-1854 (although it was almost completed in 1847).
The process of construction was led by the famous Lieutenant-General and mining
engineer Baron Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege. Eschwege, a German amateur
architect, was much traveled and likely had knowledge of several castles along
the Rhine River. He designed the palace in the romantic style, using
architectural elements of different countries. Abundance of exotic mixture of
styles includes eclectic, neo-Gothic and neo-Renaissance, as well as pseudo-medieval
fragments.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">King
Ferdinand and Queen Maria II intervened decisively on matters of decoration and
symbolism. Among others, the King suggested vault arches, Medieval and Islamic
elements be included, and he also designed an exquisitely ornate window for the
main façade (inspired by the chapter house window of the Convent of the Order
of Christ in Tomar).</span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0J5b-jNx7iA58w1XIJzFEOri1Kong5qb3Q8UOiyPuReDtGJIaawjstfuzYB41LlHnvg3aUbz7-75E2zSTk0Bq7UwiPabzIYsYJldESXHPdtK9SGEwilYeNfQvCOjgZqcdUc_90Tr55c/s1600/290532336_362c78bf0f_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC0J5b-jNx7iA58w1XIJzFEOri1Kong5qb3Q8UOiyPuReDtGJIaawjstfuzYB41LlHnvg3aUbz7-75E2zSTk0Bq7UwiPabzIYsYJldESXHPdtK9SGEwilYeNfQvCOjgZqcdUc_90Tr55c/s400/290532336_362c78bf0f_z.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/teniz/290532336/sizes/z/in/photostream/">www.flickr.com</a>, Author:<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/teniz/">eusebio ct</a></b></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">However not for a long
time, the magnificent palace served as the royal residence. After the death of
Ferdinand the palace passed into the possession of his second wife Elisa
Hensler, Countess of Edla. Later, Elisa sold the palace to King Luís, who
wanted to return it for the royal family. In 1889 it was purchased by the
Portuguese State, and after the Republican Revolution of 1910 it was classified
as a national monument and transformed into a museum. In 1910, the last queen
of Portugal, Queen Amélia, spent her last night at the palace before leaving
the country in exile.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The Palace of Pena
quickly drew visitors and became one of Portugal's most visited monuments. The
palace and the interior have been preserved in the form in which they left the
Queen Amelia. Over time the colors of the red and yellow façades faded, and for
many years the palace was visually identified as being entirely gray. By the
end of the 20th century the palace was repainted and the original colors were
restored, much to the dismay of many Portuguese who were not aware that once
the palace had such color variety. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefAzliHEepMNPnNuXLwd11S51eEXRlQyn3vTHh884HP93RNyPX9jQLTkDggWHOyKGqhqoR5HuZpKWMAXR61nHEoigx1-5k1juDIYefHZDMp6BorDvsmk-ZWbLDTY5pJ9AoORyMc96Vyk/s1600/2521305541_19cff10590_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefAzliHEepMNPnNuXLwd11S51eEXRlQyn3vTHh884HP93RNyPX9jQLTkDggWHOyKGqhqoR5HuZpKWMAXR61nHEoigx1-5k1juDIYefHZDMp6BorDvsmk-ZWbLDTY5pJ9AoORyMc96Vyk/s400/2521305541_19cff10590_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/pedrosz/2521305541/in/photostream">www.flickr.com</a>, Author:Pedro Szekely (<a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/pedrosz/">szeke</a>)</b></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The complex of the Palace can be
divided into four parts: 1) the foundations and the surrounding wall with two
gateways and a drawbridge; 2) the restored structure of the old convent and the
clock tower; 3) the courtyard in front of the chapel, with its wall of Moorish
arches; 4) the palace area and cylindrical bastion with the interiors in the
cathedral style.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Many fragments of the
original buildings have survived, such as the monastery dining room, sacristy
and chapel. They were surrounded by a wide terrace with the best view on view
architecture of the palace. An interesting sight is a clock tower (1843).
Sundial initiates an automatic mechanism that produces a cannon-shot daily at
noon. Another attraction: the image of Triton, symbolizing an allegory of
creation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Huge palace is
surrounded by the forest, which is stretched for more than 200 acres. Exotic
taste of romanticism is manifested in the design of the park. On the orders of
Prince Ferdinand, had been brought here a variety of plants from distant lands.
The park has a labyrinthic system of paths and narrow roads, connecting the
palace to the many points of interest throughout the park, as well as to its
two gated exits.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1995, the palace and
the rest of the Cultural Landscape of Sintra were classified as a World
Heritage Site by UNESCO.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">In the preparation of this
article, were mainly used materials of websites: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_National_Palace">www.wikipedia.org</a></span><span lang="EN-US"> and </span>
<a href="http://www.parquesdesintra.pt/">www.parquesdesintra.pt</a>
<span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-7160159563280576322012-10-20T15:45:00.001-07:002013-02-13T12:17:17.269-08:00Soroca castle<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="justify" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Soroca castle
(Romanian: Cetatea Soroca) is a historic fortress in the Republic of Moldova,
in the modern-day city of Soroca.</span>
</div>
<table align="justify" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7XwYGKP-B55d4UBMUQyjbw6St_BPiwyOjM9FaQop_MULXU5OLA0OMlThUcun8MDV2BwA7vlF4U9lx6fdK8jnS5_SWzxBw96djMFwAeEVCOZ8JIpAg-PmqxL_qPmnEJxIEmHaruKICUDI/s1600/soroca_moldova_galleryfull.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7XwYGKP-B55d4UBMUQyjbw6St_BPiwyOjM9FaQop_MULXU5OLA0OMlThUcun8MDV2BwA7vlF4U9lx6fdK8jnS5_SWzxBw96djMFwAeEVCOZ8JIpAg-PmqxL_qPmnEJxIEmHaruKICUDI/s400/soroca_moldova_galleryfull.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from website <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><a href="http://soroki-navsegda.ucoz.ru/photo/3">soroki-navsegda.ucoz.ru</a></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Soroca city has its
origin from the medieval Genoese trade post Olchionia, or Alchona. In the 15th
century, on this site, the Moldavian Prince Stephen the Great (Romanian: Ştefan
cel Mare) built a wooden and earthen fortress, called Saraci (Moldavian: sarac,
i.e., poor, hapless, orphan, as the locals for a long time were been forced to
hide from the persecution of the Crimean Tatars in the nearby caves). In the 18th
century the name was changed to the Soroca.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The fortress was built to defend
against the Crimean Tatars, which periodically ravaged the richest areas of the
medieval Moldovan state. The eastern bound of the Moldovan state was along the
Dniester River. The Dniester River was narrow but fast and deep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the North of the Moldovan state to the
sea there was only a few convenient places for crossing the river. The Khotyn
and Tighina fords were protected by the Khotyn fortress (which was built in the
13th century) and by the Tighina (Bender)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>fortresses (which was built in the early fifteenth century). The Soroca
ford was not protected. Chronicler Grigore Ureche (1590–1647) told of huge
misfortunes, which were inflicted to the people of Northern Moldavia from the invasion
of Tatar army in 1470. Although the Tatar army was defeated by the Stephen III
army in Lipnica (near the modern village Ocnita), the threat of a new invasion
hung over the medieval Moldova. Stephen was faced with the task of strengthening
the southern and eastern borders of the principality. In this connection, near
the Soroca ford over the Dniester River was built stepped-up pace a small
wooden and earthen fortress of the square form.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0VBHfs2FWX66mhi2lMriCq6lua9kFuUHFSqYgSmBK_NM64RpDsDWUAPqye1vnmNRfHqSqE4eccDanCtqyt61Po7GsNdHJ2-uxp-MBPPfHoQieI4ijNzLfVGGijugNG-fPbrv5YSy9RSg/s1600/111.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0VBHfs2FWX66mhi2lMriCq6lua9kFuUHFSqYgSmBK_NM64RpDsDWUAPqye1vnmNRfHqSqE4eccDanCtqyt61Po7GsNdHJ2-uxp-MBPPfHoQieI4ijNzLfVGGijugNG-fPbrv5YSy9RSg/s400/111.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<td><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Name:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Soroca castle</span></b><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Location:
Soroca town</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Region:
</span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Soroca District</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
Country: </span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Moldova</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Material:</span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Chalk stone</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Construction: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">1543</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> 1546</span></b>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Condition:
opened to the public </span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the 40th years of
16th century the son of Stephen III Petru Rareş trying to revive the former
power of the Moldovan state. He performs repair and restoration work in a number
of Moldovan fortresses. Between 1543 and 1546 under the rule of Petru Rareş was
erected a stone Soroca castle with wooden internal structures, which was
unusual according to plan, unusual according to construction material, unusual
according to meet the challenges posed by its construction. The fortress had a
form of a perfect circle with five bastions situated at equal distances.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the 30th years of
16th century, in the new, more tough conditions, was renewed by Stephen III the
peace treaty with Ottoman Empire. According to this treaty Ottomans got the
right to appoint the Moldavian rulers. In the 60th years of 16 century by order
of the Prince Alexandru Lăpuşneanu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Soroca
castle was burnt along with other Moldovan fortresses, except of Khotyn
fortress. This was the condition, under which the prince received from the
Ottoman Porte (the central government of the Ottoman Empire) right to second
reign. This event was reported in the chronicles of Gregory Ureche in 1563. Traces
of fire were followed during archaeological excavations of the courtyard of the
fortress. During excavations were found the remains of powerful oak walls, the
support structure of the internal structure. Plaster on the walls of the
fortress is severe burned. Later, premises of courtyard and towers have been
restored to its original form.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-tIFgwqHmyTu1glvvoEJzhFVgvzAZo8ZPfmpmyc_piMwf294H5RKquK4NhysyY-3dmynh4IG4jxOuBzmdxVM8ToJFImoFPYpRYl5Y874EgtmrPRe2Ue76iLy1LBxUUcBNpwtGIqbVSw/s1600/800px-Cetatea_Sorocii.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-tIFgwqHmyTu1glvvoEJzhFVgvzAZo8ZPfmpmyc_piMwf294H5RKquK4NhysyY-3dmynh4IG4jxOuBzmdxVM8ToJFImoFPYpRYl5Y874EgtmrPRe2Ue76iLy1LBxUUcBNpwtGIqbVSw/s400/800px-Cetatea_Sorocii.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cetatea_Sorocii.JPG?uselang=ru">Wikimedia Commons</a>, Author: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:VadimS&action=edit&redlink=1">Vadim Sterbate</a>,, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.ro">License</a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1650, in the
fortress was Bohdan Khmelnytsky with his eldest son Timus Khmelnytsky. They
heard that in Jassy (Jassy was the capital of the Moldavian principality at
that time), Prince Vasile Lupu has a younger daughter, the beautiful Ruxanda. Different
princes and dukes wooed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to her, but her
destiny was to become the wife Cossack Timus Khmelnitsky. As far as Ruxanda was
beautiful, so was not pretty Timus. He saw a beautiful woman Ruxanda and
immediately fell in love with her. Originally Vasile Lupu denies the Cossacks,
he says: "It is better to see his daughter dead in a coffin, than as the
wife of the Cossack". But Bogdan Khmelnitsky threatens war: "If you
do not want to see in front of you one Cossack, then you can see my 10,000
boyfriends which are waiting in the street for my signal." Vasile Lupu had
no choice, and in order to keep the peace in the country, they signed a peace
treaty and affixed marriage. In 1652, Timus and Ruxanda were married in the
church of St. Nicholas. After the signing of the peace treaty between Moldova
and Ukraine, Moldova a struggle flared up for the throne between Vasile Lupu
and boyar Gheorghe Stefan. Wars occurred more than once and to help Vasile Lupu
always hurried Timus. In 1653, during one of such wars, in the battle under the
walls of the Suceava fortress, Timus Khmelnitsky was killed.</span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2NkrdAnqWpKCpZGayg4ihCaWV550iA-EAv6qwaQEkCEXfaotC22wiYDUJedQ0qoNLbrssMwKEIUNxIC2yEyK41_E4gu3wkS_2skoXcNZoMgP6unq-oQakrqlqwyVNB90FBcyv7bP087M/s1600/soroco-castle-interior-1b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2NkrdAnqWpKCpZGayg4ihCaWV550iA-EAv6qwaQEkCEXfaotC22wiYDUJedQ0qoNLbrssMwKEIUNxIC2yEyK41_E4gu3wkS_2skoXcNZoMgP6unq-oQakrqlqwyVNB90FBcyv7bP087M/s400/soroco-castle-interior-1b.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This
is a file from <a href="http://www.starbase1.co.uk/galleries/panoramic/Moldova%20Panoramic%20Photos/Soroca/slides/soroco-castle-interior-1b.html">www.starbase1.co.uk</a></span></b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> Author: Nick Stevens,</span></b>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the 16th and 17th
centuries, a small garrison (no more than 80-100 soldiers) reflected the
attacks of Cossacks and Poles, as well as guarded the ford over the Dniester
River from the Wild Field, which was owned the Crimean Tatars. Only as a result
of the voluntary surrender in 1692, the castle came under the power of the
Polish crown. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also in 1692 the late
fall, the 40-thousand Ottoman army and 15-thousand Moldovan army, led by the
ruler Constantin Cantemir (father of Dimitrie Cantemir), tried to recapture the
fortress of the Poles, and during six weeks were besieging it. But despite the
small garrison (2000 men), they could not take it. Traces of the siege were
found during archaeological excavations of two round towers in their basement part.
Along with the remains of the burnt wooden roofs were found stone cannon balls,
lead bullets for muskets and flintlock rifles, Polish coins of the time. </span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1699, under the
terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz, Soroka castle was returned to Moldovan state.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Soroca fortress is also
known by the fact that in 1711, during the Prut campaign of Peter I, Soroca
fortress protected the citizens and the garrison against the Ottomans, until
the arrival of the Russian troops. And near Soroca, were consolidated Moldovan forces of
Dimitrie Cantemir and Russian troops under the command of Peter I.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">After 1711, when
appeared a new type of weapon, i.e., siege artillery, the medieval fortress
lost its importance. In the late 18th century, temporarily, for a very short
period, it had been a city jail.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Each of the peasants
from nearby villages had a duty to feed the soldiers and prisoners of the
fortress. They worked on the queue when the time comes, they say «Mi-a venit
soroco», hence appeared name of the city.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy0JiCLJO38Og5YvCZe4dzVMKpIVA_PBUcV-0xjbp2Fe2S9xb-oINsVqF7QqLxli2sw0AuF8JqkXTL2oyrVBkzpaR5dfBrwIjIyhwE94nBIPmUFL46o9ErK8nvh_PfUSaOAlAbN5o9ZLA/s1600/800px-Soroca102.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy0JiCLJO38Og5YvCZe4dzVMKpIVA_PBUcV-0xjbp2Fe2S9xb-oINsVqF7QqLxli2sw0AuF8JqkXTL2oyrVBkzpaR5dfBrwIjIyhwE94nBIPmUFL46o9ErK8nvh_PfUSaOAlAbN5o9ZLA/s400/800px-Soroca102.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This is a file from the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soroca102.JPG?uselang=ru">Wikimedia Commons</a>, Author:<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Visem?uselang=ru">Visem</a>,, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.ru">License</a></span></b>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">More than two
centuries, the castle was without supervision. Here, were not any battles,
during the Second World War battles were fought in Cosauti. Great historical
value of Soroca castle is that it was preserved to the present day the same as
it was created by masters of the Middle Ages. Also been preserved small
military church, located above the main entrance. The basis of the design of
the fortress was made the supreme law of harmony, i.e., the golden ratio. Soroca
castle has a rounded shape, with a diameter of 37.5 meters. There are 5 towers of
the castle. Four of them are round and one tower is of the square form. The
towers have three levels, and have special openings for guns. The fortress is
20-25 meters height, and thickness of the walls 3.5 meters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Around 1980, the
fortress was opened as a museum. The museum is open from March, as soon as the
street starts to warm up until December or the first snow and frost, when
workers are already moving into the Museum of History.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the preparation of this
article, were used some materials of websites: </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroca_Fort"><span style="font-size: x-small;">www.wikipedia.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.starbase1.co.uk/galleries/panoramic/Moldova%20Panoramic%20Photos/Soroca/slides/soroco-castle-interior-1b.html"><span style="font-size: x-small;">www.starbase1.co.uk</span></a></span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mdmoldova.narod.ru/sorokikreposti.htm"><span style="font-size: x-small;">mdmoldova.narod.ru</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><a href="http://turistleto.ru/?p=736"><span style="font-size: x-small;">turistleto.ru</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><a href="http://soroki-navsegda.ucoz.ru/photo/5"><span style="font-size: x-small;">soroki-navsegda.ucoz.ru </span></a></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">and materials of the books: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Chebotarenko G.F. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Soroca fortress is ancient monument</span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Chi</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ș</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">inău, 1984.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Chebotarenko G.F. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fortress on Dniester</span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Chi</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ș</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">inău,
1989.</span> </span></div>
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AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-8936325916348593862012-10-16T15:55:00.001-07:002013-02-13T12:17:03.027-08:00Kreuzenstein Castle<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kreuzenstein
Castle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(also known as Burg Kreuzenstein)
is the beautiful castle of 19th century,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>located north of the village of Leobendorf, east of the city of
Stockerau in the province of Lower Austria in Austria. </span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje2oqUTs1CAoa28fyGiqvfA5E5rKasJIjJXdFQ9l2Wgca8Hadz2-hzlr-ncF0qT0ZgTIAVm15s4BKZ9IWmZleEd0JNbAx3jFvNuge3w9T-f_eQEa5pqkg6krxF_WMiV6t2XQWQywAcCcw/s1600/2724409961_b09734ff9d%5B1%5D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje2oqUTs1CAoa28fyGiqvfA5E5rKasJIjJXdFQ9l2Wgca8Hadz2-hzlr-ncF0qT0ZgTIAVm15s4BKZ9IWmZleEd0JNbAx3jFvNuge3w9T-f_eQEa5pqkg6krxF_WMiV6t2XQWQywAcCcw/s400/2724409961_b09734ff9d%5B1%5D.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from <a href="http://www.ermaktravel.com/Europe/Austria/Kreuzenstein%20Castle/Kreuzenstein%20Castle.htm">www.ermaktravel.com</a></span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Schloss Kreuzenstein is
first mentioned in the 12th century. The oldest part of the Kreuzenstein Castle
dates back to the 1115. It is believed that the first name of the castle
"Grizanstein» comes from Dietrich von Grizanstaine which was the owner of
the castle in the 12th century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In later centuries,
there were many different owners of the castle. In 1278, after the defeat of
the Czech King<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Přemysl Otakar II in the
Battle on the Marchfeld, the castle became the property of the Habsburgs and
its owner became Rudolph I of Habsburg.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1525, the owner of
the castle became Nicholas, Count of Salm, the greatest achievement of which
was the defense of Vienna during the first siege by the Turks in 1529.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1528, in the prison
of Grizanstein castle was kept Balthasar Hubmaier, influential
German/Moravian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anabaptist leader. He
was one of the most well-known and respected Anabaptist theologians of the
Reformation. The castle was also twice in the Bohemian owned.</span></div>
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<table align="Center" border="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjUN394HlS-4Nr2kuIrCzMhi-1B8EQG36tLMV-SgJ4_4cKN50qNNdppzVVa4W8QRp6d-BHZApFQI5pO9VuRc8ZSTv1_jQotlSCYq0Dzx6okFa_lK6DeYQHayQpjXpNNbWyLlkLaBxI-iM/s1600/kzs1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjUN394HlS-4Nr2kuIrCzMhi-1B8EQG36tLMV-SgJ4_4cKN50qNNdppzVVa4W8QRp6d-BHZApFQI5pO9VuRc8ZSTv1_jQotlSCYq0Dzx6okFa_lK6DeYQHayQpjXpNNbWyLlkLaBxI-iM/s320/kzs1.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span></b></span><a href="http://www.castles.nl/eur/at/kzs/kzs.html">ww.castles.nl</a>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td><br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Name:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kreuzenstein
Castle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Location:
</span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Leobendorf</span></b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Region:
</span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Lower
Austria </span></b> </h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Country: </span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Austria
</span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Type: </span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Romanesque-Gothic </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">style</span>
</h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Material: Gothic
bricks</span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Construction: 1874-1907</span></b>
</h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Condition:
opened to the public </span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Website:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><a href="http://www.kreuzenstein.com/">www.kreuzenstein.com</a></span></b>
</h1>
</div>
<br /></div>
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</tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1620 it was rented
out to a Karl Graf Saint Hilaire. In April 1645, during the 30-Years War, the
castle was occupied by a Swedish army led by Field-Marshal Thorstenson. They
were driven out after a siege by Imperial troops that same year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the process of the siege, the castle was demolished
leaving only a pile of uninhabitable rubble.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Over two hundred years
later, Count Johann Nepomuk Wiczek, eminent polar explorer, archaeologist and
naturalist, started the rebuilding and restoration of the castle. From his own
notes, it is known that first he considered the Kreuzenstein as a burial place
for his family. Initially, in 1874, he built the crypt and the chapel. Later
these constructions were expanded to the present castle. In particular, one of
the reasons of such expansion was the finding a place for the many treasures,
collected by Count. Count Wiczek took pains to preserve the original character
of the castle, although he also tried to blend different styles together in
harmony, as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it was fashionably in the
late 19th Century. As a result was the built a new castle that was created from
the merger of the existing medieval architectural elements such as walls, towers
and parts of the chapel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only few remains
of the original citadel were incorporated into a new structure. The process of
construction of the castle was led by the famous Austrian architect Carl Gangolf
Kayser (until his death in 1895); later it was continued by Humbert Walcher von
Molthein and Egon Rheinberger. In general, the construction lasted 30 years
(1874-1904) and the works were officially continued with Kaiser Wilhelm II on
June 6, 1906.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1915, from lightning
a fire started<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the castle, a fire
destroyed part of the archival and library buildings.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1945, during fighting between the Red Army
and the Wehrmacht castle was severely damaged, and from the castle, some
belongings disappeared. Nowadays, most of the manuscripts from the collection
of Wilczek set in the Austrian National Library.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic1VVNHsA4TAO2S0MfR5y9hZL8EPJPya9HnuFNdXIGNX1AySIMbTD3HXLZrye4sOXdo6_Oe9XtikXkaNv6irW0wOVCLbvtrXxPsDYyZfC0MGyDnCjwUmqdM2-9f5noLAoxD-AaasdHcnM/s1600/800px-Burg_Kreuzenstein_-_Panorama_Burghof.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic1VVNHsA4TAO2S0MfR5y9hZL8EPJPya9HnuFNdXIGNX1AySIMbTD3HXLZrye4sOXdo6_Oe9XtikXkaNv6irW0wOVCLbvtrXxPsDYyZfC0MGyDnCjwUmqdM2-9f5noLAoxD-AaasdHcnM/s400/800px-Burg_Kreuzenstein_-_Panorama_Burghof.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This is a file from the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burg_Kreuzenstein_-_Panorama_Burghof.JPG">Wikimedia Commons</a>, Author:<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Geiserich77">Michael Kranewitter</a>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en">License</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Currently, the castle
is one of the most popular tourist destinations surrounding areas. Quite
interesting events are held here in June. Also deserve attention the hotel,
equipped in the castle, as well as the exhibition of birds of prey.
Kreuzenstein located on top of a small hill, the view from the castle of the
surrounding land was called simply delicious. In general, almost all tourists
visiting Vienna, consider as their duty to visit and Kreuzenstein.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">In the preparation of this
article, were mainly used materials of websites: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Kreuzenstein">www.wikipedia.org</a>, <a href="http://www.castles.nl/eur/at/kzs/kzs.html">www.castles.nl</a>, </span>
</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><a href="http://www.kreuzenstein.com/">www.kreuzenstein.com</a></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, <a href="http://www.anaustriaattraction.com/austria-attractions-ip/kreuzenstein-castle.htm">www.anaustriaattraction.com</a>, <a href="http://www.worlds.ru/europe/austria/history-zamok_krojjcenshtajjn_burg_kreuzenstein.shtml">www.worlds.ru</a> and <a href="http://www.ermaktravel.com/Europe/Austria/Kreuzenstein%20Castle/Kreuzenstein%20Castle.htm">www.ermaktravel.com</a>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-88243119487304279822012-10-13T16:13:00.000-07:002013-02-13T12:16:52.241-08:00Trakai Island Castle<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Trakai Island Castle
(Lithuanian: Trakų salos pilis) is an island castle located in Trakai,
Lithuania on an island in Lake Galvė. The castle is sometimes referred to as
"Little <a href="http://castles2012.blogspot.com/2012/08/castle-of-teutonic-order-in-malbork.html">Marienburg</a>".</span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4g_fC6pLCn-l1nPqQV7mmaWAQwTV4BiHNtztTPCWSFb2gUAbcUlMpNSNKzRjPKBupNBaYkKyCobFt2lt0joj3JvdYNvtVRftFaq4xSVkFDDZ2HRvZd2QvTnZ58UrTMgf0g9U4xUX15BI/s1600/45_big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4g_fC6pLCn-l1nPqQV7mmaWAQwTV4BiHNtztTPCWSFb2gUAbcUlMpNSNKzRjPKBupNBaYkKyCobFt2lt0joj3JvdYNvtVRftFaq4xSVkFDDZ2HRvZd2QvTnZ58UrTMgf0g9U4xUX15BI/s400/45_big.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from <a href="http://wikimapia.org/63823/Trakai-Island-Castle">wikimapia.org</a>, Author:
<a href="http://wikimapia.org/user/57464">ArnoutSteenhoek</a></span></b></span>
</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">According to the
chronicle legend, after a successful hunt, Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>found a great place near the town of Kernave
and decided to erect a castle on it and move the capital here. In the second
half of the 14th century, here in the Old Traki (Syaneyi Trakai), was standing
stone castle. Rules to them in 1337-1382 son of Gediminas Kęstutis. Around 1350
in the castle was born Vytautas. In 1375, Kęstutis moved his capital from Old
Traki to New Traki, which was protected by Lake Galvė. The construction of
Trakai Island Castle was related to the expansion and strengthening of the
Trakai Peninsula Castle. Castle in the Old Traki in 1391 was destroyed and never
rebuilt. In 1405, a plot of land with the remains of the old castle was given
to the Benedictine monks. The monastery stands on the old citadel.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The
castle was damaged during an attack by the Teutonic Knights in 1377. After the
assassination of Kęstutis, a power struggle between Jogaila and Vytautas the
Great for the title of Grand Duke of Lithuania began. The castle was besieged
by both sides and was severely damaged. Soon after the reconciliation between
Jogaila and Vytautas, the second phase of construction started. This phase is
regarded as the major development in the history of the castle. Apparently,
during the truce with the Teutonic Order, the construction works were
supervised by the Order's stonemason Radike.</span>
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<tr><td><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyO53bQC-CTJUa09qEwfX5azcPVQr9XUpUfMQVmQ9QE5VPcLn_RjTocT7EoF20zIosfwY8FZIZ5wPlwdur-zfOskwEnGagIn0ve0PViDZeZwfShxsy3Z-8_o8VNwg8zXDeENHdFnBlS0Y/s1600/DSC_5494_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyO53bQC-CTJUa09qEwfX5azcPVQr9XUpUfMQVmQ9QE5VPcLn_RjTocT7EoF20zIosfwY8FZIZ5wPlwdur-zfOskwEnGagIn0ve0PViDZeZwfShxsy3Z-8_o8VNwg8zXDeENHdFnBlS0Y/s400/DSC_5494_2.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from <a href="http://tautaiv.blogspot.com/2011/11/20-amazingly-beutiful-castles-from.html">tautaiv.blogspot.com</a></span></b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Name:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Trakai Castle</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Location:
I</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">sland
Trakai</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Region:
Lake Galvė<br />
Country: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lithuania </span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Type: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gothic</span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Material: Gothic
bricks</span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Start of
construction: 14<sup>th</sup> century</span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Condition:
opened to the public </span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u1:p> </u1:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="border: none; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Website:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://trakaimuziejus.lt/">trakaimuziejus.lt</a></span></h1>
</div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Trakai Island Castle
was completed in 1409. It was the most powerful and the most majestic of all
the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was one of the most impregnable fortresses in
Eastern Europe: the castle was never captured by its enemies. Trakai Island
Castle originally combined defensive and representational functions, ie,
functions of the fortress and palace. He is an excellent example of Gothic
architecture. Center of the architectural ensemble of the castle is a princely
palace, surrounded by thick walls and fortifications which is under protection
of defensive towers. The state rooms of the palace is decorated with stained
glass windows and frescoes, the main subjects which were scenes from the life
of the great princes. Dwellings connected by an internal wooden galleries.
Between the bedroom and the prince of the treasury chamber was a secret passage
that led to the courtyard. The castle was equipped with air heating: Hot air
rises through the pipes and warmed the cold stone walls. About unprecedented
wealth castle reflected in the fact that, as is clear from the Lithuanian
chronicles, even seat in the castle were gold.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Island Castle was once
the main residence of the Grand Duke Vytautas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">At the beginning of the
15th century Trakai was granted Magdeburg rights. It was the decision of Grand
Duke Vytautas, and in 1441, the order was confirmed by the Grand Duke Casimir.
Cities that have such rights were required each year to pay tribute to the
prince, as well as to repair and protect the castle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">After the Battle of
Grunwald July 15, 1410 the castle lost its military significance, as the main
enemy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Teutonic Order, was defeated. At
that time the castle experienced its heyday. In Trakai were magnificent
receptions and parties. Many foreign guests and travelers described events held
in the castle. Trakai was also visited by the Emperor of Rome, the kings of
Poland and the Czech Republic, the ambassadors of Greece, Moscow, Tver and
Ryazan Dukes. In 1477, the castle was visited by Contarini, ambassador of
Venice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1430, after the
death of Duke Vytautas, Trakai was captured by the Lithuanian prince
Svidrigailov. But soon he was driven away by Vytautas brother, Duke Sigismund.
Until 1535 Trakai Castle was considered the seat of the Lithuanian princes.
Here long enough were kept all documents from the office of the dukes (Lithuanian
Metrica).</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuykij01oGP_XuERCcymlTAhI4y8vA1JKfCJUBQ0wrRouwSAhSDin4-gT6N7_VOC939uZYDTumWoeCaeoXtrRx8c1lPISO3EkK01TiDiSEibpqQGgIpD9KYPn6616gKsWlv7t9HuFuOcI/s1600/28432.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuykij01oGP_XuERCcymlTAhI4y8vA1JKfCJUBQ0wrRouwSAhSDin4-gT6N7_VOC939uZYDTumWoeCaeoXtrRx8c1lPISO3EkK01TiDiSEibpqQGgIpD9KYPn6616gKsWlv7t9HuFuOcI/s400/28432.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>This is a file from the <a href="http://www.allcastles.ru/litva/trakai-pilis">www.allcastles.ru</a></b></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the 15th century
Trakai became a prison for prisoners of noble families. It happened after the
Dukes of Lithuania became Kings of Poland<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(king's palace was then in Krakow). Duke Sigismund III during his rule
was willing to make the castle as his summer residence.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">When between the city
of Kaunas and Vilnius was installed the direct way, Trakai was located away
from the main trade routes. Therefore, in the 16th century Trakai lost its
significance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1616 the Duke of
Lithuania and King of Poland, Sigismund III issued a decree banning the
military units to enter the territory of the city and looting of local
residents. But despite of this fact, residents of Trakai regularly subjected to
robbery. In 1655, during the war between Russia and Lithuania, Trakai Castle
was abandoned and destroyed. By the end of 19th century castle was a ruin.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5RO0ctGJtuVvDjuaX0tVDF4TPFaZx6pLctlfcprBjODG1j_2p9_ZCA_3C2SpFKpfnUkoPpohTbCwCvEzF4M1fOADBXHeqVnRBUSI4kO_w4Ph84dBfC2X2fal0V36LqfCaQC2U9mdzsfg/s1600/455234.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5RO0ctGJtuVvDjuaX0tVDF4TPFaZx6pLctlfcprBjODG1j_2p9_ZCA_3C2SpFKpfnUkoPpohTbCwCvEzF4M1fOADBXHeqVnRBUSI4kO_w4Ph84dBfC2X2fal0V36LqfCaQC2U9mdzsfg/s400/455234.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b> This is a file from the <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/455234">ww.panoramio.com</a>, Author: <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/user/73341?with_photo_id=455234">Yustas</a></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">During the 19th
century, castle reconstruction plans were prepared. Its original frescos were
preserved and copied by Wincenty Smokowski. The Imperial Archaeological
Commission initiated the documentation of the remaining castle in 1888. In 1905
the Imperial Russian authorities decided to partially restore the castle ruins.
During World War I, Germans brought in their specialists, who made several
attempts to restore the castle. In 1935-1941 parts of the Ducal Palace walls
were strengthened, and the southeastern forecastle tower was rebuilt, including
sections of its walls. Lithuanian and Polish preservationists worked on the
project, but the work stopped when the war gained in intensity. After World War
II, a major reconstruction project was begun in 1946; active work started in
1951-1952. The major portion of the reconstruction was finished in 1961. The
castle was reconstructed in a 15th century style.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Trakai Island Castle is
now a major tourist attraction of Lithuania.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">ince 1962 inside the castle is a museum of the history
of Trakai and souvenir shops.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the preparation of this
article, were mainly used materials of websites: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0;"><a href="http://www.allcastles.ru/litva/trakai-pilis">www.allcastles.ru</a></span><span style="background: white; color: #548dd4; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">.</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<br />
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-86321912152064264952012-10-08T15:05:00.000-07:002013-02-13T12:16:40.186-08:00Chillon Castle<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Chillon Castle <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(France: Château de Chillon) is located on the
shore of Lake Geneva in the commune of Veytaux, at the eastern end of the lake,
3 km from Montreux, Switzerland. The castle consists of 100 independent
buildings that were gradually connected to become the building as it stands
now.</span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiJDcKzGE_KWPZJTdPEeRb3mBhzuvkvmFf_4y4xFFYsJv7wGOZrIJjM7Depp2QtSgRoTWc22jzOTfExMqGZReu38ASyfBli-jQJvsG57-nZ7R2QnhSJsDnuuIA-x0dNHnsCxXwRwizi7E/s1600/762px-Chateau_de_Chillon_-_Montreux_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiJDcKzGE_KWPZJTdPEeRb3mBhzuvkvmFf_4y4xFFYsJv7wGOZrIJjM7Depp2QtSgRoTWc22jzOTfExMqGZReu38ASyfBli-jQJvsG57-nZ7R2QnhSJsDnuuIA-x0dNHnsCxXwRwizi7E/s400/762px-Chateau_de_Chillon_-_Montreux_.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chillon_-_Montreux_.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></b></span>,
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Author <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pixello&action=edit&redlink=1">Bolla Ugo</a>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">License</a></b></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The first written
record of the castle is in 1160 or 1005, although, according to some sources,
the first fortification on the site of the present Chillon Castle was built
around the 9th century. Its goal was to protect the road running from Avenches
to Italy through the pass Grand-Saint-Bernard along Lake Geneva. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1150, Chillon
Castle, the property of the Bishop of Sion, which he expanded, becomes home
Counts of Savoy. Counts originated from the region Savoy in France. Counts
originated from the region Savoy (Savoy) in France. Over time, they became the
rulers of almost the whole Italy, but their influence was more due to political
intrigues and successful weddings than due to military success.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1230 Thomas I of
Savoy (Thomas Ier de Savoie) moved his residence to Chillon. In 1253, Pierre II
of Savoy (Pierre II Comte de Savoie, 1203-1268) became the owner of Chillon
Castle. During his reign, the architect Pierre Meunier (Pierre Mainier) spent
restructuring Chillon and the castle acquired its present size and type. Active
restructuring of the castle lasted until the 15th century. It was during this
period were built the main structures that shaped the historical appearance of
the castle.</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium;">
<table align="Center" border="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/uk/f/f6/Shilon-047.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/uk/f/f6/Shilon-047.jpg" width="281" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Shilon-047.jpg#metadata">Wikimedia </a></b></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Author: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pixello&action=edit&redlink=1">Orestsero</a>, <a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82_GNU_Free_Documentation_License">License</a></b></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Name: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Chillon
Castle</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Location: </span></b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Veytaux </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">municipality </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Region: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Country: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Switzerland</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Type: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b><span style="font-size: small;">Gothic</span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Material:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Sandstone</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Start of construction: 9</span><sup><span style="font-size: small;">th</span></sup><span style="font-size: small;"> century</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Condition: opened
to the public</span></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Website: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">www.chillon.ch</span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 28.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The present castle
consists of 25 elements of buildings and three yards, protected by two circular
walls. One side of the castle from the road is a stone wall, fortified by three
towers. On the opposite side is the residential part of the castle. Depth of
the lake made </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">a surprise attack on
that side unlikely. In the center of the complex stands 25 meters high main
tower, the other watch towers are located on a circle. Architectural jewel of
the castle is a chapel with a painting of the XIV century, one of the few
religious buildings that escaped the destruction of the reformers. Each room
Chillon castle reveals its part of the history of the castle: here and pompous
reception halls for celebrations with giant fireplaces, living rooms and a
complex of princes and counts, and many plots and prison facilities in the
basement.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Depth of the lake made
a surprise attack on that side unlikely. In the center of the complex stands 25
meters high main tower, the other watch towers are located on a circle.
Architectural jewel of the castle is a chapel with a painting of the XIV
century, one of the few religious buildings that escaped the destruction of the
reformers. Each room of Chillon castle reveals its part of the history of the
castle: here and pompous reception halls for celebrations with giant
fireplaces, living rooms and a complex of living rooms of princes and counts,
and many auxiliary and prison facilities in the basement.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotos-g188108-d246808-Chateau_de_Chillon-Montreux_Vaud.html" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Photos of Chateau de Chillon, Montreux" height="299" src="http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/02/eb/4e/c1/chateau-de-chillon.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">This photo of <a href="http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g188108-d246808-Reviews-Chateau_de_Chillon-Montreux_Vaud.html">Chateau de Chillon</a> is courtesy of TripAdvisor</span></b>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Traditionally, the
castle served as a prison. Here in prison, Louis the Pious kept Abbe Val of Corvey. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the middle of the 14th century,
during the plague epidemic, the castle held and tortured Jews of Villeneuve
town, which were accused of poisoning water sources.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The most famous
prisoner of the castle was the prior of the monastery of St. Victor in Geneva François
de Bonivard (1493-1570), a supporter of the Reformation, and the enemy of the
Counts of Savoy which were the adherents of the Catholic Church. In 1532, on
the orders of Charles III, Count of Savoy (1486-1553), Bonivar was thrown into
a dungeon of Chillon Castle and spent "without charge or trial" for
four years, chained to a post.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">March 29, 1536 after a
two-day siege<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the castle was taken by
the Bern's protestants, and Bonivare was released. The priest survived many of
his associates, who were executed or died, unable to endure the torture of
hunger and deprivation. Jailers threw their bodies into the lake through
special loopholes in the walls.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the summer of 1816,
Lord George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) heard the story of Bonivare, visited the
castle and, shocked by what he saw, wrote the poem "The Prisoner Of
Chillon" (1816). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">This contributed to the
Chillon Castle has become one of most popular attractions in Switzerland. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Byron also started the
curious tradition: he carved his name on a pillar in the dungeon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">As soon as St.
Bernarskyy mountain pass began to give way in importance to St. Gotthard mountain
pass, located east Shilona, the importance of the castle, as a defensive
building, gradually fell, and it was often used only as a place of
imprisonment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1835, Chillon Castle
converted into a warehouse cannons for that were expanded the aisles and
demolished some parts of the walls.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1844 one of the
floors of the castle was given as a prison for political prisoners. In the
castle, were upgraded rooms to bring them in line with modern standards.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1887, was created
the "Association du Château de Chillon". Through the efforts of the
Association and the Canton of Vaud castle was restored and became a museum <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the example of an impregnable fortress of
the Middle Ages. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1891, the castle
gets the status of "Monument Historique".</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/The_Sun_Sets_on_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chillon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/The_Sun_Sets_on_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chillon.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from </span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/pearbiter/566128230/in/photostream">www.flickr.com</a>,</b></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Author: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/64165252@N00">Eric Hill</a>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en">License</a></b></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Chillon is currently
open to the public for visits and tours. According to the castle website,
Chillon is listed as "Switzerland's most visited historic monument". Many
famous writers from around the world have visited Chillon and left their
autographs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the castle.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Already in the
beginning of 19th century it happened every year about 100,000 visitors<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the castle. From the 14th century, castle
practically unchanged and continues to delight all visitors with its medieval
architecture.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">In the preparation of this
article, were mainly used materials of websites: </span><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">www.wikipedia.org</span></span></a><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;"><a href="http://www.chillon.ch/en/"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">www.chillon.ch/en/</span></span></a></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">,</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://travelmir.ru/article/shveycariya/shilonskiy-zamok-chateau-de-chillon"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">travelmir.ru/article/shveycariya/shilonskiy-zamok-chateau-de-chillon</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
and </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.allcastles.ru/switzerland/chillon.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">www.allcastles.ru/switzerland/chillon.html</span></span></a></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-16515932466830239162012-10-06T15:13:00.001-07:002013-02-13T12:16:29.774-08:00Neuschwanstein Castle<div style="text-align: justify;">
Neuschwanstein Castle (German: Schloss Neuschwanstein, [nɔʏˈʃvaːnʃtaɪn], literally: "The new swan rock") is a 19th-century Romanesque Revival palace on a rugged hill above the village of Hohenschwangau near Füssen in southwest Bavaria, Germany.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqv1Y4rCR9ZFyknoe9ccEdWVn5sADSADnhC3yhnEDwxYw9VaZtIcAfKDqDHZ4sb0ZRW0zpZZ4iOH1FjALYoX2K51MLV8x3X3rChO7-N2q-hdTK5GcT6NcFle2OpdFvB6GegKfZb5SURY8/s1600/117-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqv1Y4rCR9ZFyknoe9ccEdWVn5sADSADnhC3yhnEDwxYw9VaZtIcAfKDqDHZ4sb0ZRW0zpZZ4iOH1FjALYoX2K51MLV8x3X3rChO7-N2q-hdTK5GcT6NcFle2OpdFvB6GegKfZb5SURY8/s640/117-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from the <a href="http://allcastle.info/">allcastle.info</a></span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Neuschwanstein Castle
stands on the site of two castles, Vorderhohenschwangau Castle and
Hinterhohenschwangau Castle. For technical reasons the ruined castles could not
be integrated into the plan. In 1868, the ruins of the medieval twin castles
were demolished completely; the remains of the old keep were blown up.
Furthermore, King Ludwig II ordered to lower the plateau of about 8 m by an
explosion rocks at this place and thus create space for the construction of
"fairy palace." After the construction of the road and pipeline 5
September 1869 the foundation was laid for the construction of a huge castle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Construction of the castle was requested
court architect Eduard Riedel. The building design was drafted by the master of
Munich Christian Jank.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Sandstone for the
portal and bay window was brought from Nürtingen Württemberg. For windows,
ledges arch, columns and capitals used marble from Zaltsburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A huge amount of building material raised on
the west side of the building in the trolley with a crane working on a
steam-powered. They delivered and installed in the right place with the help of
a special system of lifting blocks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the years 1869-1873
were built gate. King's private apartments on the 3rd floor, and comfortable
rooms on the 2nd floor facilitate ease the entire structure. Starting from
1873, the construction work was carried out in a very intense pace. In 1880, at
a construction site was occupied by 209 carpenters, masons and ancillary
workers. In 1883 construction was completed, was completed as finishing 1, 2,
4, and 5 floors. The spring of 1884, the King was able to live in the
apartments on the 4th floor, where Ludwig II spent a quarter of the time over
the last two years before his death. After the King's death in 1886, all
construction work was suspended. The third floor of the castle and Knight
premises were not completed. The main tower of the castle to the church, a
height of 90 m, which was to rise above all the buildings had not been built at
all. Has not been completed and the western terrace, which was to lead to the
unfinished pool.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium;">
<table align="Center" border="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXQ-0M4dpWflvGVwRFCsISBjD17-rq0fjzWcImDqz96sH_k66MfMXCIbK6gplkktjbCyv1yOzs6GuZbmadEjuXpARtFTLhQlV1OEQhhWYHNJJC4w1qq78RgP5chHRXS3qSWIzEEVJoo4/s1600/Neuschwanstein_Castle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXQ-0M4dpWflvGVwRFCsISBjD17-rq0fjzWcImDqz96sH_k66MfMXCIbK6gplkktjbCyv1yOzs6GuZbmadEjuXpARtFTLhQlV1OEQhhWYHNJJC4w1qq78RgP5chHRXS3qSWIzEEVJoo4/s400/Neuschwanstein_Castle.jpg" width="362" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Name: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Neuschwanstein
Castle</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Location: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Hohenschwangau</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Region: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">S</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">outhwest
Bavaria</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Country: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Germany</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Type: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Romanesque Revival</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Material:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sandstone</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Construction:</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">1869-1</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">892</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Condition: opened
to the public</span></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Website: </span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><b><span style="font-size: small;">www.neuschwanstein.de</span></b></span>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Neuschwanstein Castle
consists of several individual structures which were erected over a length of
150 metres on the top of a cliff ridge. The elongate building is furnished with
numerous towers, ornamental turrets, gables, balconies, pinnacles and
sculptures. Following Romanesque style, most window openings are fashioned as
bi- and triforia. Before the backdrop of the Tegelberg and the Pöllat Gorge in
the south and the Alpine foothills with their lakes in the north, the ensemble
of individual buildings provides varying picturesque views of the palace from
all directions. It was designed as the romantic ideal of a knight's castle.
Unlike "real" castles, whose building stock is in most cases the
result of centuries of building activity, Neuschwanstein was planned from the
inception as an intentionally asymmetric building, and erected in consecutive
stages. Typical attributes of a castle were included, but real fortifications –
the most important feature of a medieval aristocratic estate – were dispensed
with.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhROUeNB8p0SAnczhDoxe9NITeKJf-7NREld2Gjj2XW5hPn1FtesfvFnlvqn1_2vymasUJTHZBEz2CnOmWPYEvd2-DwVlAYZ0MUxYKQKWodHbPHwcCOK2FGVF5PeHKTTJbFc977jV9UE8s/s1600/Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%25C3%25BCcke%252C_2011_May.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhROUeNB8p0SAnczhDoxe9NITeKJf-7NREld2Gjj2XW5hPn1FtesfvFnlvqn1_2vymasUJTHZBEz2CnOmWPYEvd2-DwVlAYZ0MUxYKQKWodHbPHwcCOK2FGVF5PeHKTTJbFc977jV9UE8s/s640/Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%25C3%25BCcke%252C_2011_May.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This is a file from the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%C3%BCcke,_2011_May.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></b>, <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Attribution: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ximonic">Ximonic</a>, Simo Räsänen (post-processing) & Tauno Räsänen (photograph), <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">License</a></b></span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Idea Wartburg halls,
public holidays and songs, Ludwig II embodied in the hall singers. The King
always wanted to build this hall, so the castle of Neuschwanstein built like
around this hall. Numerous wall paintings illustrate the theme of the legend of
Parsifal, Wagner has inspired the creation of his stage works. During the life
of the King Singers hall was not used. Only in 1933, the 50th anniversary of
the death of composer Richard Wagner, and until the beginning of the war in
1939 in the castle of gala concerts. In 1969, it was decided to resume the
concerts.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Despite the fact that
the throne room was not completed, it is, without a doubt, the most impressive.
In it the king wanted to glorify God's grace. Backfill, like a basilica, with a
special niche for the throne had to say about the religious connection between
God and the king. William Blades Hausshilda over the empty throne place depict
six kings, numbered among the saints. Ends niche images of Christ, Mary and
John. On the right and on the left, next to the marble staircase, a series of
12 Apostles, the carriers of God's will. Especially beautiful in this room is
the mosaic floor of the detonation of Vienna. On its surface visible celestial
globe with images of animals and plants. The column bottom and top of the
throne room are made of artificial marble. The bottom of columns is purple, and
the top of columns is made of artificial lapis lazuli.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">When Ludwig II died in
1886, Neuschwanstein was still incomplete. The king never intended to make the
palace accessible to the public.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But no
more than six weeks after the king's death the regent Luitpold ordered the
palace opened to paying visitors. The administrators of Ludwig's estate managed
to balance the construction debts by 1899. From then until World War I,
Neuschwanstein was a stable and lucrative source of revenue for the House of
Wittelsbach, indeed Ludwig's castles were probably the single largest income
source earned by the Bavarian royal family in the last years prior to 1914. To
guarantee a smooth course of visits, some rooms and the court buildings were
finished first. Initially the visitors were allowed to move freely in the
palace, causing the furniture to wear quickly.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">When Bavaria became a
republic in 1918, the government socialized the civil list. The resulting
dispute with the House of Wittelsbach led to a split in 1923: Ludwig's palaces
including Neuschwanstein fell to the state and are now managed by the Bavarian
Palace Department, a division of the Bavarian finance ministry. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Due to its secluded
location, the palace survived the two World Wars without destruction. Under the
Reichsleiter Rosenberg Institute for the Occupied Territories, a
suborganization of the Nazi Party, it served until 1944 as a depot for Nazi
plunder from France. The works of art were catalogued photographically.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjacxzXGLwtjAimtmwUyFST-nzkDBD8EfpVPEX7HSHqxThLGlxMeF4gVddonU0CEzzj18NYmDkA-ETjW7zSuaZuSojawz-2aK3sgMdFrw0FkuRhiLGRKsMQNJ-QGENcgtwOasxARw_XdYo/s1600/117-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjacxzXGLwtjAimtmwUyFST-nzkDBD8EfpVPEX7HSHqxThLGlxMeF4gVddonU0CEzzj18NYmDkA-ETjW7zSuaZuSojawz-2aK3sgMdFrw0FkuRhiLGRKsMQNJ-QGENcgtwOasxARw_XdYo/s640/117-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a file from the <a href="http://allcastle.info/">allcastle.info</a></span></b></span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">At the end of the war
the German Reichsbank deposited gold in the palace, which in the last days of
the war was taken to an unknown place.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In April 1945, the SS considered blowing up the palace to prevent the
building itself and the artwork it contained from falling to the enemy.
However, the plan was not realized by the SS-Gruppenführer who had been
assigned the task, and at the end of the war the palace was surrendered
undamaged to representatives of the Allied forces.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1977, Neuschwanstein
Castle became the motif of a West German definitive stamp, and it is to appear
on a €2 commemorative coin for the German Bundesländer series in 2012. In 2007,
it was a finalist in the widely publicized on-line selection of the New Seven
Wonders of the World. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The chateau is a museum.
Seen only possible in the group (in this case are given automatic audio guides
in various languages, including Russian). To visit the castle to buy a ticket
at the ticket center (desired time to reconcile Center site) and go up to the
castle on the bus and on foot or by horse carriage. The only person, who
"lives" in the castle at the moment, is its watchman.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p> Since </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p>1886</o:p></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p>over 60 million people have visited Neuschwanstein Castle. More than 1.3 million people visit annually, with up to 6,000 per day in the summer. The palace has appeared prominently in several movies and was the inspiration for Disneyland's Sleeping Beauty Castle and later, similar structures.</o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">In the preparation of this
article, were mainly used materials of websites: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a>, <a href="http://www.neuschwanstein.de/">www.neuschwanstein.de</a>, and <a href="http://www.blogger.com/allcastle.info">allcastle.info</a>.</span></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-27211322278188076332012-10-03T14:31:00.001-07:002013-02-13T12:16:17.808-08:00Predjama Castle<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Predjama Castle
(Slovene: Predjamski Grad or Grad Predjama, German: Höhlenburg Lueg, Italian:
Castel Lueghi) is a Renaissance castle built within a cave mouth in
southwestern Slovenia. It is located approximately 11 kilometres on north west
of the town Postojna.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUvw0-EaMS0ZvqZrUxWSCgTkDN2RheVt-RA34xX4TNE57-4jkMlNAQrMUwqdN5vqyHDrBLjsN37UIWCituvqSlAytojhVTrfV0WhGY7GZu2FNkuzvaacsrYSHhnjMsYBEq4s9ntnWwBxs/s1600/Predjama_Castle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="427" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUvw0-EaMS0ZvqZrUxWSCgTkDN2RheVt-RA34xX4TNE57-4jkMlNAQrMUwqdN5vqyHDrBLjsN37UIWCituvqSlAytojhVTrfV0WhGY7GZu2FNkuzvaacsrYSHhnjMsYBEq4s9ntnWwBxs/s640/Predjama_Castle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Predjama Castle was
probably built in the 12th century but was first mentioned in the year 1274
with the German name Luegg. It was built in an area that was controlled by the
town of Aquilea but was contested by the Counts of Gorizia. The castle was
built under a natural rocky arch high in the stone wall to make access to it
difficult. In those times the castle was called Jama Castle (Jama translates to
cave).It was later acquired and expanded by the Luegg noble family, also known
as the Knights of Adelsberg (the German name of Postojna).</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1350 the castle was taken by Austrian
dukes. In 1398 Aquilean troops sieged and set fire to the castle. Later on
knights from the East-Tyrolean city of Lienz became owners of the castle, which
they called Luegg Castle. So they called themselves Lords of Lienz and Luegg.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1478 the castle
became the property of the knight Erazem. He was probably the most famous
inhabitant of Predjama Castle. In 1478 the castle became the property of the
Knight Erazem Lueger (or Luegger). He was probably the most famous inhabitant
of Predjama Castle. He was the son of the Imperial Governor of Trieste, Nikolaj
Lueger. In 1483 Erazem came into conflict with the Habsburg establishment, when
he killed the commander of the Imperial army Marshall Pappencheim, who had
offended the honour of Erazem's deceased friend, Andrej Baumkircher of Vipava.
Fleeing from the revenge of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Erazem
settled in the family fortress of Predjama. He allied himself with the
Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and began to attack Habsburg estates and towns
in Carniola.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The Imperial forces
sent the Governor of Trieste, Andrej Ravbar, to siege the castle. Ravbar tried
to starve Erazem to death but was surprised to notice that Erasmus seemed to
have an unlimited supply of fresh food. Finally Erasmus was killed by a
cannonball. Later it became known that Erasmus had gotten his food through a
secret passage through the caves.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_L5AuXNZPweWYJTioD9VyLnZOh6-4kTm7bwuT_HrT07zuxqas6uBB3ksdEzVRJhoKJUAR8ywrCdgyAVGW4D9x62eDSL3cO8Sk2N0iBTihwp_D1bfCHhx3QLtKWmJLqLtBoVFhVaii_c/s1600/pj07.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_L5AuXNZPweWYJTioD9VyLnZOh6-4kTm7bwuT_HrT07zuxqas6uBB3ksdEzVRJhoKJUAR8ywrCdgyAVGW4D9x62eDSL3cO8Sk2N0iBTihwp_D1bfCHhx3QLtKWmJLqLtBoVFhVaii_c/s400/pj07.jpg" width="290" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Name: </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Predjama
Castle</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Location: </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Predjama village</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Region: </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Southwestern</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Country: </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Slovenia</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Type: </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Renaissance</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Material: Brick</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Construction: 12<sup>th</sup>
century</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Condition: opened
to the public</span></b></div>
<br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 28.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">After the siege and
destruction of the original castle, its ruins were acquired by the Oberburg
noble family. In 1511, the second castle, built by the Purgstall family in the
first decade of the 16th century, was destroyed in an earthquake. In the year
1567, Archduke Charles of Austria leased the castle to baron Philipp von
Cobenzl, who paid it off after 20 years. In 1570, the current castle was built in
the Renaissance style, pressed next to a vertical cliff under the original
Medieval fortification. The castle has remained in this form, virtually
unchanged, to the present day. His descendants remained owners of the castle
until 1810. And because this important noble family mostly resided in Austria
the castle was kept in good shape but escaped further large rebuilding
campaigns. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Panorama_del_castello_di_Predjama_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Panorama_del_castello_di_Predjama_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Attribution: Luca Giarelli, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">License</a></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the 18th century, it
became one of the favourite summer residences of the Cobenzl noble family. Both
the Austrian statesman Philipp von Cobenzl and the diplomat Count Ludwig von
Cobenzl spent time in the castle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1810, the castle was
inherited by Count Michael Coronini von Cronberg, and in 1846 it was sold to
the Windischgrätz family, who remained its owners until the end of World War
II, when it was nationalized by the Yugoslav Communist authorities and turned
into a museum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Predjama Castle was used as the castle featured
in the 1986 movie Armour of God (film) by Golden Harvest starring Jackie Chan,
Alan Tam, Rosamund Kwan and Lola Forner. It was also investigated for
paranormal activity in a 2008 episode of Ghost Hunters International on the Sci
Fi Channel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US"> In the preparation of
this article, were mainly used materials and photos of websites: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a> and <a href="http://www.castles.nl/">www.castles.nl</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-62228735797793576282012-09-29T15:32:00.000-07:002013-02-13T12:16:05.395-08:00Olavinlinna<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Olavinlinna (Swedish: "Olofsborg") or
St. Olaf's Castle is a 15th century castle located on a rocky island between the
lakes Haapavesi and Pihlajavesi connected to the Bay of Lake Saimaa in northern
Finland in Savonlinna Provincial Cham.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Olavinlinna2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Olavinlinna2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Attribution: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Miraceti?uselang=ru">Miraceti</a>,
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.ru">License</a></span></b>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Construction of the
castle was begun in 1475 by the Danish Knight Erik Axelsson Tott, who had
engaged in strengthening the Vyborg Castle. Erik Axelsson Tott decided that the
powerful fortification should be build to protect the strategically important
Savo region. The castle was supposed to repel Russian attacks from the east and
to guarantee the control of the Savo region for the Swedish Crown. Initially,
the castle was named<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nyslott (Swedish:
New Castle), then it was named Olavinlinna, Castle of St. Olaf, in honor of the
Catholic saint of the 11th century, especially in Scandinavia revered as the
patron saint of the Knights.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The first castle was
built of wood, but two years later it was demolished and construction began on
a new, stone castle. Resistance of the local population to the construction of
Swedish castle in this region was so great that the construction was carried
out under the strong Swedish convoy. One of Tott's letters from 1477 includes a
passing mention of foreign builders invited to Olofsborg, probably from Reval,
where the city fortifications were being extended. Construction of the castle continued
until the end of the 15th century. It was the first Swedish castle provided
with a set of thickset circular towers that could withstand cannon fire. The
castle was built on a lake, in the middle of the intricate network of
reservoirs and canals that would seriously impede siege and offensive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium;">
<table align="Center" border="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHYRX4v5X6rMYuUCX7UhZkACR4AaPV0B3UlB0Ew5UuPhJaxIvSfwu0byVh_wqDFmcezvheAdg9NRVB5it2q6qBlpxhl8h-V6bwDTWksbWZMWkP-iQ2KYksuq24HjqaNErPOguZaCzEo_k/s1600/1111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHYRX4v5X6rMYuUCX7UhZkACR4AaPV0B3UlB0Ew5UuPhJaxIvSfwu0byVh_wqDFmcezvheAdg9NRVB5it2q6qBlpxhl8h-V6bwDTWksbWZMWkP-iQ2KYksuq24HjqaNErPOguZaCzEo_k/s400/1111.jpg" width="357" /></a></div>
</td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
</td>
<td><b><br /></b>
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</b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Name:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b> Olavinlinna</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Location: </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b></span><b>Savonlinna</b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 28.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<b>
</b><b>
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<b>
</b><br />
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<br /></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Region: </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><b> Southern Savonia</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Country: </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b></span><b>Finland</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Material: Brick</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Construction: 15</b><sup><b>th</b></sup><b> century</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Condition: opened to the public </b></span></div>
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 28.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 9.0pt; padding-right: 9.0pt; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
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</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the 15th century,
the castle was garrisoned at least 200 people, making it the most formidable
outpost of Swedish rule in the east, along with the Vyborg Castle. Olavinlinna
castle was built on the border between Sweden and Russia, established in 1323
by Orekhovets peace treaty. But Russian believed that it was built on their
territory (Swedes invaded in Russia about 5 km) and constantly attempted to
repel the Swedes. Olafsborg proudly withstood several sieges of the Russian
troops in the the First Russian-Swedish war (1495-97) and Second
Russian-Swedish war (1554-57).</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">After the release of
the Swedish Kalmar Union fortress remained in the hands of the Swedes. Over
time, the settlement grew around the castle, which was called Savonlinna. A
brisk trade developed under the umbrella of the castle was good, and in 1639,
the settlement became a town.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">During the Northern War
Olavinlinna Castle was one of the main obstacles to the Russian troops deep
into Sweden. Despite this, 28 July 1714 Olavinlinna garrison capitulated to the
invading Russians. In 1721, under the terms of the Nishtadt peace treaty<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>castle was returned to Sweden. The border of
the newly was passed at the same distance from Olavinlinna as it was before
Stolbovski peace treaty in 1617.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">During a regular
Russian-Swedish War (1741-1743) Russian troops August, 6, 1742 again approached
Olavinlinna. Garrison of the castle consisted of only a hundred people and
within two days to surrender. In 1743 was signed Treaty of Åbo, which awarded
Olavinlinna along with the entire region Savonlinna to Empress Elizabeth of
Russia and it remained in her possession until 1917.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> At that time, the castle was named by the
Russian name Olafsborg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the end of 18th
century, the castle was the formidable fortifications in northern Finland. When
relations between Russian and Sweden became strained, Fieldmarshal Alexander
Suvorov came to the castle. Under his leadership, was carried further
strengthen the fortifications of the castle. Were built new bastions and
demolished several buildings, which crumbled of time and war.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In the
19th century the castle lost its military purpose, when in 1809 the whole
Finland became part of the Russian Empire. In 1847, the garrison left
Olafsborg. For a while there was a prison in the castle, but in 1859 it was
closed and the castle was abandoned. In the 1860's the castle was two fires, in
1870, it was renovated with funds from the treasury of the city, after which it
was opened to tourists.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The castle was stronger reconstructed in 1961-1975
years.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="426" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Olavinlinna800.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Attribution:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lauri_Kosonen">Lauri Kosonen</a> <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Miraceti?uselang=ru">Miraceti</a>,
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.ru">License</a></span></b> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Today, the castle has
three towers connected by walls. Bell tower got its name from the church bells
and the castle clock, which had been installed on it. On the third floor of the
second tower Church was located a church. In a small house near the tower, is
located the entrance to the castle dungeon. Here, during the Swedish government
were kept state criminals. The third tower is the tower Keel. It got its name
from the name of the owner of the castle Keel, under leadership of which it was
erected. Later, after moving the fortress to the Russian was built in the south-east
corner of the fortress bastion Dick. It has three floors, on two of which were
located iron cannons.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Currently, the castle
is available for visitors all year round. It hosts several small exhibitions,
including the Castle Museum which displays artifacts found in the castle or
related to it, and the Orthodox Museum which displays icons and other religious
artifacts both from Finland and Russia. The castle forms a spectacular stage
for the Savonlinna Opera Festival, held annually in the summer since 1912.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> In the preparation of
this article, were mainly used materials of websites: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a>, <a href="http://www.nba.fi/en/museums/olavinlinna_castle"><span style="color: blue;">www.nba.fi/en/museums/olavinlinna_castle</span></a> and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://sw-zamki.narod.ru/olavinlinna.htm"><span style="color: blue;">http://sw-zamki.narod.ru/olavinlinna.htm</span></a></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-58373824491403104302012-09-27T12:52:00.002-07:002013-02-13T12:15:53.596-08:00Castel Nuovo<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Castel Nuovo (Italian:
"New Castle") is a medieval castle in the city of Naples, southern
Italy. The castle is also known as Maschio Angioino, named to honor King
Charles I of Anjou (Charles I of Naples), by order of which it was built.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdt5uMSa9r7cNZoWWzd30LiM7CMvu2AoShoL7unpAWr3IPUiugpvAisHElBj0q4JN1Kodd9092rpyotqt5gvIpRSYmdwqcKtakvM0GarucYwPwKE0eOIL5Np3qbKRJpkd-hl7R4R5hs7M/s1600/italy_050920120742_5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdt5uMSa9r7cNZoWWzd30LiM7CMvu2AoShoL7unpAWr3IPUiugpvAisHElBj0q4JN1Kodd9092rpyotqt5gvIpRSYmdwqcKtakvM0GarucYwPwKE0eOIL5Np3qbKRJpkd-hl7R4R5hs7M/s1600/italy_050920120742_5.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Before the accession of
Charles I of Anjou to the throne in 1266, the capital of the Kingdom of Naples
was Palermo. But there was a royal residence in Naples called Castel Capuano.
However, when the capital was moved to Naples, Charles of Anjou ordered the
construction of a new castle, not far from the sea, built to house the court.
The work, carried out by French architects Pierre de Chaulnes and Stone
Angincour began in 1279 and was completed three years later in 1282. From the
very beginning it was called "Castrum Novum" to distinguish it from
the older castles dell'Ovo and Capuano.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Due to the War of the
Sicilian Vespers, the new fortress remained uninhabited until 1285, when
Charles died and was succeeded by his son, Charles II. Castel Nuovo soon became
the nucleus of the historical center of the city, and was often the site of
famous events. For example, on December 13, 1294, Pope Celestine V resigned as
pope in a hall of the castle. Eleven days later, Boniface VIII was elected pope
here by the cardinal collegium and immediately moved to Rome to avoid the
Angevin authority.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Under king Robert
(reigned from 1309), the castle was enlarged and embellished, becoming a centre
of patronage of art and giving hospitality to artists, doctors and men of
letters among whom were Giotto, Petrarch and Boccaccio. </span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In
1347 Castel Nuovo was sacked by the army of Louis I of Hungary, and had to be
heavily restored after the return of queen Joanna I. The new works permitted
the queen to resist the Hungarian siege during Louis' second expedition. The
castle was besieged numerous times in the following years, and was the official
residence of King Ladislaus from 1399. It decayed under his sister Joanna II.</span><br />
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/NapoliMaschioAngioinoIngresso.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/NapoliMaschioAngioinoIngresso.jpg" width="380" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Attribution: </b><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MM"><b>MM</b></a><b> [</b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"><b>Public domain</b></a><b>], via <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NapoliMaschioAngioinoIngresso.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
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</b><br />
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<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Name:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><b>Castel
Nuovo</b></span><b>
</b></div>
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</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Location: </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><b>Naples</b></span><b>
</b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Region: </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><b>south</b></span><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b> </b></span></div>
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</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Country: </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><b>Italy</b></span><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Type: </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Gothic</b></span><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Material: </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Sandstone</b></span><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Construction: 1279-12</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F9F9F9; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>82</b></span><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Condition: opened to the public</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
</td>
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<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1442, the Anjevins
were succeeded by the Aragonese Alfonso V who, like his predecessors, used the
Castel Nuovo as the royal residence, beginning work of reconstruction and
having built, on the outside walls, between the Torre di Mezzo (Halfway Tower)
and the Torre di Guardia (Watch Tower) the impressive Triumphal Arch to
celebrate his victorious entry into the city of Naples. The arch was designed
by Francesco Laurana. The decoration was executed by the sculptors Pere Johan
and Guillem Sagrera, called by Alfonso from Catalonia. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The time of the
Aragonese saw the passage from the medieval castle-palace to the fortress as it
now appears; it was adapted to the new needs of a time of war and the area
surrounding the Castle lost the residential character it had under the
Anjevins. The structure of the Aragonese building is undoubtedly more massive
than its Anjevin predecessor and was quite similar to the present-day castle,
which is the result of the clearance works of the early years of the 20th
century.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1456, the castle
withstood the earthquake that destroyed the city. In 1486, in a hall of the
castle the famous Barons conspiracy against King Ferdinand I, Alfonso's son,
occurred. The King had invited the barons for a feast; but, a certain point, he
had the garrison close all the hall's doors and all the barons were arrested
and later executed. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQfzwmi_sdHcpFcYq1nkBWK3vsDBJnSJgZ7sacWTZYIRTzc3v6wERn5kYIiNgRYHwJekvCZngEUjIyOYqGmFTM3Zh0WVsKOwqW0sejHxfhRH1iRk9JjA0Wv1BGIEWQytiPIT_l5cI0Cs/s1600/Naples-Castel_Nuovo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQfzwmi_sdHcpFcYq1nkBWK3vsDBJnSJgZ7sacWTZYIRTzc3v6wERn5kYIiNgRYHwJekvCZngEUjIyOYqGmFTM3Zh0WVsKOwqW0sejHxfhRH1iRk9JjA0Wv1BGIEWQytiPIT_l5cI0Cs/s640/Naples-Castel_Nuovo.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Attribution:<a href="http://salomons.dyndns.org/gallery/album237">Stephen Salomons, </a> <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en">License</a></b></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1494 Castel Nuovo
was captured by the soldiers of the army of King Charles VIII of France and
Naples Kingdom was annexed by Spain. At that time, the castle was reduced from
king’s residence to the viceroy’s residence.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">During the viceroy period (1503-1734), the defence
structures of the castle, needed for purely military purposes, underwent
further modification. The castle was the temporary residence of the Spanish
kings during their visits in the city, such as that of Charles V in 1535. With
the advent of Charles III of Bourbon, who defeated the emperor Charles VI in
1734, the castle was again used as a king’s residence. It was surrounded by
buildings of all kinds, warehouses and houses, and this happened time and time
again.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">10/01/1805
Castel Nuovo was taken by Russian squadron under the command of Senyavin. Until
1837 the castle was an artillery arsenal.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6EEUgHhuSse3BB-OLthE0-ydoWe7-uMqjGXwXP5AiQSf4cEPMmgbmklRDLgPqDcTBFd86pPb7GtaUU74I-0guexTu6YOJwcuf35MFzUmSN7XjulvgWYMVKSeRCsgUBHXfBeD73Rs6U1M/s1600/6169744046_717d5edde3_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6EEUgHhuSse3BB-OLthE0-ydoWe7-uMqjGXwXP5AiQSf4cEPMmgbmklRDLgPqDcTBFd86pPb7GtaUU74I-0guexTu6YOJwcuf35MFzUmSN7XjulvgWYMVKSeRCsgUBHXfBeD73Rs6U1M/s640/6169744046_717d5edde3_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Attribution:<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/setiritter/with/6169744046/#photo_6169744046">Setiritter's photostream</a>, <a href="http://www.flickr.com/help/general/#147">License</a></b></span>
</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">The last restoration of
Castel Nuovo occurred in 1823. In the first two decades of the 20th century,
the Municipal Council began the work of isolating the castle from the annexed
buildings in recognition of the historical and monumental importance of the
fortress and the need to reclaim the piazza in front of it. The present castle
is a trapezoid, and the eastern side of which is a little rough. At the corners
of the castle are strong round towers, one tower is located near the gate. At
the top of the towers have platforms with battlements and machicolations. Full
height of the towers is about 55 meters. On three sides of the castle moat
surrounds and before close to the eastern walls of the castle was sea. Around
the castle were located not have survived the fortifications.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Until 2006 in the Hall
of Barons met the city council. Today the castle is the venue of cultural
events and also houses the Municipal Museum.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US"> In the preparation of
this article, were mainly used materials of websites: </span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/"><span style="color: blue;">www.wikipedia.org</span></a>, <a href="http://mir-zamkov.net/it/nuovo/o.shtml"><span style="color: blue;">mir-zamkov.net/it/nuovo/o.shtml</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/EN/IDPagina/1372"><span style="color: blue;">www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/EN/IDPagina/1372</span></a>, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.worlds.ru/europe/italy/history-kastel-nuovo_castel_nuovo.shtml"><span style="color: blue;">www.worlds.ru/europe/italy/history-kastel-nuovo_castel_nuovo.shtml</span></a></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-32836273783065566092012-09-23T06:25:00.000-07:002013-02-13T12:15:41.915-08:00Caernarfon Castle<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Caernarfon Castle is
one of the most impressive castles of King Edward I of England. The castle is
located in the town of <span style="background: white; color: black;">Caernarfon </span>in
Gwynedd, north-west Wales. It is surrounded by the waters of Menai Strait,
which separates the island<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anglesey from
North Wales.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikRMBxZCLSuULljfe2kh3RfqJ4BXw8R94JCBJPTRXg1OPXxE_AHnMh_8CEWMNyg7NmYv844yZQRAZ6CZ5fCVbfibBkSQLpKQkG9tuPdKIIFGjyv5EIgb0z_eIz4nfQVr2mUKDVRjacx8A/s1600/01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikRMBxZCLSuULljfe2kh3RfqJ4BXw8R94JCBJPTRXg1OPXxE_AHnMh_8CEWMNyg7NmYv844yZQRAZ6CZ5fCVbfibBkSQLpKQkG9tuPdKIIFGjyv5EIgb0z_eIz4nfQVr2mUKDVRjacx8A/s400/01.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">This is a file from the <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Caernarfon_Castle_1994.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>, </span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Author: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Herbert_Ortner">Herbert Ortner</a></span></b>, <b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en"> License</a></span></b>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The first fortifications at Caernarfon were
built by the Romans. Their military settlement (Castrum), which they called
Segontsy, located on the outskirts of modern Carnarvon. Settlement was by the
River Seiont, which flows into the Strait of Menai. The city's name is derived from
the Carnarvon Roman settlement. Welsh town was known as «y gaer yn Arfon»,
which means "the stronghold in the land over against Môn"; Môn is the
Welsh name of the island of Anglesey. Little is known about the fate of
Segontium and its associated civilian settlement after the Romans departed from
Britain in the early 5th century.</span></div>
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<a name='more'></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1066, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #0b0080; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">William
the Conqueror</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, Duke
of Normandy, invaded England. Having conquered England, William decided to
subdue the Welsh land. According to the "Domesday Book," William of
Wales has appointed Robert<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Rhuddlan
in 1086, who was killed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by the Welsh two
years later. His cousin, the Earl of Chester, Hugh d'Avranches, regained control
of Wales and built three castles: one <span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black;">at an unknown location somewhere in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Meirionnydd</span>, one at
Aberlleiniog on the island Anglesey, and another one at <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Caernarfon</span>.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black;"> This early Caernarfon Castle was on a
promontory which was formed by the River Seiont and separated from the Anglesey
island by the Menai Strait. It was a Norman castle type (motte-and-bailey),
defended by a wooden palisade<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
earthen banks. Upland </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black;">(</span></span><i><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN;">motte</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)<span class="apple-converted-space"> was later used in the construction of the stone
castle by Edward I. Exact location of residential and commercial buildings (</span></span><i><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN;">bailey</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) is unknown. Presumably, they were to the
north-east of the </span></span><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">motte</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. It is likely that the motte was surmounted by
a wooden tower known as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">keep</i>. The
Welsh recaptured Gwynedd in 1115, and Caernarfon Castle came into the
possession of the Welsh princes. From contemporary documents written at the
castle, it is known that Llywelyn the Great and later Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
occasionally stayed at Caernarfon.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Caernafon_Eagle_Tower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Caernafon_Eagle_Tower.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Author: Albertistvan, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">License</a></span></b></td></tr>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Name:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Caernarfon Castle</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Location: </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Caernarfon</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, </span></b></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Shire county: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gwynedd</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br />
<span style="color: #222222;">Region: </span><span style="color: black;">north-west</span></span></b>
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Country: </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Wales</b></span><b>
</b><b><br /></b><br />
<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Sovereign state: United Kingdom</b></span><b>
</b><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Type: Norman castle</b></span><b>
</b><br />
<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Material: Brick</b></span><b>
</b><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Construction:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> 1284-1330</b></span></span><b>
</b><br />
<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Condition: opened to the public</b></span><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><b>Website: </b></span><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><a href="http://www.caernarfon.com/"><b>www.caernarfon.com</b></a></span></td>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">March 22, 1282<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>war broke out again between England and Wales, which began with an
uprising<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dafydd ap Gruffydd. December
11, 1282 was killed the Prince of Wales Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, who supported his
younger brother Dyffid. Dyffid ap Gruffydd continued to fight with England, but
without success. In May 1283<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dolbadarn
Castle, Dafydd ap Gruffudd's last castle, was captured and in June of the same
year Dyffid was captured and later brutally executed. Dyffid was the last
Prince of Wales that was not an Englishman. After the defeat in the war, Dyffid
was executed, and the title of Prince of Wales began wearing heirs of the
English throne, from Edward II, son of Edward I who was born in Caernarvon Castle
in April 1284 and won the title in 1301.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After his victory in the war in 1283, Edward I
began to strengthen English influence over Wales. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Edward wanted to create a nucleus of English
influence in this area, which was previously so rich in Welsh tradition and
anti-English feeling. He also wished to create Caernarvon as the capital of a
new dominion - hence the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.castlewales.com/bastide.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">incorporation of a town</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and market into the
strong walls of the site. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Together with the castle of Caernarvon, Edward started building castles
of Conwy and Harlech.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">The master<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">mason</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">responsible for the design and orchestrating the
construction of the castle was probably<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_of_Saint_George" title="James of Saint George"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">James of Saint George</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, an experienced architect and
military engineer who played an important role in building the Edwardian
castles in Wales.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is
recorded that "Flowers of History" (Latin Flores Historiarum), during
construction work in Caernarvon body was found Magna Roman Emperor Maximus,
which was re-buried in the local church.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
construction of the new stone castle was part of a programme of building which
transformed Caernarfon; town walls were added, connected to the castle, and a
new quay was built. The earliest reference to building at Caernarfon dates from
24 June 1283, when a ditch had been dug separating the site of the castle from
the town to the north. A bretagium, a type of stockade, was created around the
site to protect it while the permanent defences were under construction. Timber
was shipped from as far away as Liverpool. Stone was quarried from nearby
places, such as from Anglesey and around the town. A force of hundreds worked
on the excavation of the moat and digging the foundations for the castle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the foundations for the stone walls
were being created, timber-framed apartments were built for Edward I and
Eleanor of Castile, his queen. They arrived at Caernarfon on either 11 or 12
July 1283 and stayed for over a month</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Construction at Caernarfon
Castle continued over the winter of 1283/1284. The extent of completion is
uncertain, although architectural historian Arnold Taylor has speculated that
when Edward and Eleanor visited again in Easter 1284, the Eagle Tower may have
been complete. The Statute of Rhuddlan, enacted on 3 March 1284, made
Caernarfon a borough and the administrative centre of the county of Gwynedd.
Edward II was born at Caernarfon on 25 April 1284. Edward was created Prince of
Wales in 1301, with control over Wales and its incomes. Since then the title
has traditionally been held by the eldest son of the monarch. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In 1284, Caernarfon was
defended by a garrison of forty men, more than the thirty-strong garrisons at
Conwy and Harlech. Even in peace time, when most castles would have a guard of
only a few men, Caernarfon was defended by between twenty and forty people due
to its importance. By 1285, Caernarfon's town walls were mostly complete. At
the same time work continued on the castle till 1330.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://i1237.photobucket.com/albums/ff479/andy709/800px-Caernarfon_castle_interior_zps6205c537.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="472" src="http://i1237.photobucket.com/albums/ff479/andy709/800px-Caernarfon_castle_interior_zps6205c537.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">This is a file from the <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Caernarfon_castle_interior.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">License</a></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1294, Wales broke out in rebellion led by
Madog ap Llywelyn, prince of Wales. Carnarfon, being an administrative center
and symbol of British rule in Wales, was the primary purpose for the Welsh. In
September, they captured the city, causing at the same time severely damaged
the walls of the city. The castle was protected by a moat and a temporary
fortifications, so i<span style="background: white; color: black;">t was quickly
taken and anything flammable was set alight.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Fire
raged across Caernarfon, leaving destruction in its wake.</span> <span style="background: white; color: black;">In the summer of 1295 the English moved in
the march to Carnarvon, and in November of the same year began refortifying the
town. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Rebuilding the town walls
was given a highest priority, so that reconstruction work had been finished in
two months before the scheduled date. After this, all efforts have been made
for the completion of construction of the castle, which was stopped in 1292. Once
the rebellion was put down, </span><span style="background: white;">Edward began
building </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Beaumaris Castle</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">on the Isle of
Anglesey. The work was overseen by James of Saint George;<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>as a result,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Walter of Hereford</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">took over as master
mason for the new phase of construction.<span style="color: black;"> Construction
continued at a steady rate until 1330.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For around two centuries after
the conquest of Wales, the arrangements established by Edward I for the governance
of the country remained in place. During this time the castle was constantly
garrisoned, and Caernarfon was effectively the capital of north Wales. There
was a degree of discrimination, with the most important administrative jobs in
Wales usually closed to Welsh people. Tension between the Welsh and their
English conquerors spilled over at the start of the 15th century with the
outbreak of the Glyndŵr Rising (1400–1415). During the revolt, Caernarfon was
one of the targets of Owain Glyndŵr's army. The town and castle were besieged in
1401, and in November that year the Battle of Tuthill took place nearby between
Caernarfon's defenders and the besieging force. In 1403 and 1404, Caernarfon
was besieged by Welsh troops with support from French forces; the garrison at
the time was around thirty. The ascension of the Tudor dynasty to the English
throne in 1485 heralded a change in the way Wales was administered. The Tudors
were Welsh in origin, and their rule eased hostilities between the Welsh and
English. As a result castles such as Caernarfon, which provided secure centres
from which the country could be administered, became less important.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In Caernarfon's case the walls of the town and
castle remained in good condition, while features which required maintainable –
such as roofs – were in a state of decay and much timber was rotten. Conditions
were so poor that of the castles seven towers and two gatehouses, only the
Eagle Tower and the King's Gate had roofs by 1620. The domestic buildings
inside the castle had been stripped of anything valuable, such as glass and
iron. Despite the disrepair of the domestic buildings, the castle's defences
were in a good enough state that during the English Civil War in the mid-17th
century, it was garrisoned by Royalists. Caernarfon Castle was besieged three
times during the war. The constable of the castle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, who
surrendered Caernarfon to Parliamentarian forces in 1646. It was the last time
Caernarfon Castle saw fighting. Although it was ordered in 1660 that the castle
and town walls should be dismantled, the work was aborted early on and may
never have started.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6B8oTRvezoXjNubKOQkMwk6K7uymfibJcB7qWI3Rk6-0pHkHXQXIGdlOZ_i89IPlDZRIGADR6ziUnrsL9JYN1w-BTC_j31AbiKSzagXGOs_nv7_q-T0YlUlgrBOnYLGUQsla0OyXoJGg/s1600/02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6B8oTRvezoXjNubKOQkMwk6K7uymfibJcB7qWI3Rk6-0pHkHXQXIGdlOZ_i89IPlDZRIGADR6ziUnrsL9JYN1w-BTC_j31AbiKSzagXGOs_nv7_q-T0YlUlgrBOnYLGUQsla0OyXoJGg/s400/02.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">This is a file from the <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/567245">www.panoramio.com</a>, Author: <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/user/114439?with_photo_id=567245">Phil Lloyd</a></span></b>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; mso-fareast-language: #00FF; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Despite
avoiding slighting, the castle was neglected until the late 19th century. From
the 1870s onwards, the government funded repairs to Caernarfon Castle. The deputy-constable,
Llewellyn Turner oversaw the work, in many cases controversially restoring and
rebuilding the castle, rather than simply conserving the existing stonework.
Steps, battlements, and roofs were repaired, and the moat to the north of the
castle was cleared of post-medieval buildings that were considered to spoil the
view, despite the protest of locals. Under the auspices of the Office of Public
Works Castle, from 1908, was protected as a building of great historical
importance. In 1911, the first time in Carnarvon Castle was held the ceremony
of the investiture Prince of Wales, Edward VIII. In 1969 the precedent was
repeated with the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales. Although Caernarfon
Castle has been the property of the Crown, it is currently cared for by
CADW(Organization for the Preservation of Historical Monuments of Wales). In
1986, Caernarfon was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites as part
of the "Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd" in
recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site.
The castle houses the Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US"> In the preparation of
this article, were mainly used materials of websites: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a>, <a href="http://www.castlewales.com/caernarf.html">www.castlewales.com/caernarf.html</a>,
<a href="http://www.caernarfon.com/">www.caernarfon.com</a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: RU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span>
</div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-61519496323308515822012-09-13T13:36:00.000-07:002013-02-13T12:15:28.583-08:00Hunyad Castle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Hunyad Castle or Castelul Corvinilor is the
family nest of the feudal house Hunyadi on a rock above the small river Zlaşti
in southern Transylvania, in the modern Romanian city of Hunedoara.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<table align="Center" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP2lLf0Bv2arz3PwsQ9AbKk72UR-INh2XKThsbCXUex0YTzs0UR3ERPI0D5SCCleSQJR9aMV7o4mexM1d9f-9iBmAvCrk-C2_at6z2iFh0bgmbe6mhdarGj5TwI2OouqLxqCEH8K5BHL4/s1600/Varkapu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP2lLf0Bv2arz3PwsQ9AbKk72UR-INh2XKThsbCXUex0YTzs0UR3ERPI0D5SCCleSQJR9aMV7o4mexM1d9f-9iBmAvCrk-C2_at6z2iFh0bgmbe6mhdarGj5TwI2OouqLxqCEH8K5BHL4/s400/Varkapu.jpg" width="316" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Attribution: Koponya25, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en" target="_blank">License</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td><b>Name: </b><b> </b><b> </b><b> </b><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Hunyad Castle</b></span><b>
</b><b>or </b><br />
<b> </b><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Castelul Corvinilor</b></span><b>
</b><b> </b><b>
</b><br />
<b><br /></b><b>
</b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Country:</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><b> </b></span><b>Romania</b></span><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>City:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b></span><b>Hunedoara</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Style:</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><b> </b></span><b>Gothic-Renaissance castle</b></span></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>
</b><b>Renaissance
Material: Brick </b><b>
</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Construction:
1307-1315</b></span></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>
</b><b>Condition: restored and opened to the public </b>
</div>
<b><br /></b></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hunyad Castle was built by King Charles I of
Hungary, after his visit in Temesvár (Timişoara), Kingdom of Hungary (now
Romania), over the site of an older Roman fortification in 1307. The King
decided to set up residence there. The building, probably built by Italian
builders, was finished in 1315 and in 1316 the King was already established in
the new castle, where he lived almost eight years. The last document signed by
him in Timisoara dated June 15, 1323. That fortress had an oval shape, and the
only defensive tower was located in the north wing, while on the south side of
her closed brick wall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Hunyadi_Castle_in_Vajdahunyad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Hunyadi_Castle_in_Vajdahunyad.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Attribution: Dasone, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.ru" target="_blank">License</a> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1409, the castle and the surrounding land
were given to John Hunyadi's father, Voyk, by Sigismund, king of Hungary, as
severance. As one of the most important properties of John Hunyadi, the castle
was transformed during his reign. It became a sumptuous home, not only a
strategically enforced point. John Hunyadi implemented two phases of
restructuring and expansion of the castle and its surroundings. The first phase
took place in 1441-1446.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And during that
time it was built seven towers: four round and three triangular. The second
stage took place in 1446-1453. During that time, the chapel was laid, as well
as it was built the main hall and the south wing with outbuildings.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After John's death, the castle passed to his
son Matthias (Matthias Corvinus). Under his order was built loggia in the north
wing (also known as the "Loggia Matthias"), completed a chapel and
continued work on decoration the castle. By that time castle has become a rare
facility in Eastern Europe, combining the elements in its appearance late
Gothic and early Renaissance.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Severe destruction of the castle Corwin were
caused by a fire in 1854, which effectively destroyed the monument of
architecture. Restoration work was carried out about a hundred years. The
current castle is the result of a fanciful restoration campaign undertaken
after a disastrous fire and many decades of total neglect. It is a large and
imposing building with tall, peaked and diversely colored roofs, towers and
myriad windows and balconies adorned with stone carvings. The castle fully
corresponds to fabulous views of castles. The current look of the castle bears
little resemblance to the one that was in the reign of John Hunyadi, however,
despite all the changes and reconstruction remained intact the hall of honor
"Neboisa", which means "Do not be afraid" in Serbian
language. This room is kept the same shape as six centuries ago. </span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://travellingboard.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/castle3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="465" src="http://travellingboard.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/castle3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the castle yard, near the 15th-century chapel,
there is a well 30 meters deep. According to the legend, this fountain was dug
by twelve Turkish prisoners to whom liberty was promised if they reached water.
After 15 years they succeeded and produced water, but their captors did not
keep their promise. They say that after that inscription appeared on the well:
"you have water, but not soul".</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hunedoara is a mandatory destination of those
who travel Romania on the trail of Count Dracula. It is said that the legendary
Vlad III of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #444444;">Wallachia</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (commonly known as Vlad the Impaler) lived here for a
while, and as a prisoner. Because of these links, the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hunyad Castle </span>is sometimes mentioned as a source of inspiration
for Bram Stoker's Castle Dracula.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Interiors in its original form to this day have
not been preserved, but the castle is a museum, which exhibits a great deal to
tell us about medieval life. This are archaeological finds, ancient books,
decorative arts and arms. In the halls regularly holds temporary exhibitions
and concerts, including early music. In February 2007, Hunyad Castle played
host to the British paranormal television program Most Haunted Live! for a
three-night live investigation into the spirits reported to be haunting the
castle. Results were inconclusive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">In the preparation of
this article, were partially used materials of website:</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US"> <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a>,</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US"> <a href="http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3662045/post144174291/">www.liveinternet.ru</a></span> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
<span lang="EN-US">and </span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://travellingboard.net/sightseeings/hunyad-castle-in-romania/">travellingboard.net</a></span></span></div>
</div>
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-42520658408811601282012-09-10T13:36:00.001-07:002013-02-13T12:15:05.863-08:00Castle of Coca<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Castle of Coca or Castillo de Coca is
considered to be one of the best castles in Spain. The castle is located in the
city of Coca (Roman "Cauca"; birthplace of Roman Emperor Theodosius)
in the province of Segovia, which lies in flat and wooded lands of the center
of Spain, in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon. </span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA6iP_xEaTucYBVNthepFjKJnUDQ0NhET0aFScQ_m2goftc5BVQcPD8GEmiXd_pwG_z7C3ksIAEs5fMHKn0IYW4JT5mJG3ZNLKT0vCukcw0rWaB6KiyUFu_GPZzIy28oUN05iagwXKjD0/s1600/Castillo_de_Coca.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA6iP_xEaTucYBVNthepFjKJnUDQ0NhET0aFScQ_m2goftc5BVQcPD8GEmiXd_pwG_z7C3ksIAEs5fMHKn0IYW4JT5mJG3ZNLKT0vCukcw0rWaB6KiyUFu_GPZzIy28oUN05iagwXKjD0/s640/Castillo_de_Coca.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is a file from the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">Wikimedia Commons</a>, Author: Ignacio Cobos Rey, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en">License</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is an excellent
example of the Gothic and Mudéjar styles. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It's made up of two square baileys
separated by a passageway. Both show polygonal towers at the corners. The
castle is surrounded by a fortress double wall of width of 2.5 meters with lots
of corridors and doors, as well as a deep dry moat. It is considered to be the
highest example of brick military architecture with Mudejar filigree work.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<td><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ1cIuE1aMuLwJN8FIqn_lEvdVE2pet4AdWSb1aLq719-Gr-fMFhQAdnAv-wfu2wENc0SRA8pMv_G6dHLq7NkV3IASt4wRJfuqco157ELUQlB8L0m6SHRRdDlEqTp8D8LOgaSrWGCKtTI/s1600/Forteresse_Coca_008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ1cIuE1aMuLwJN8FIqn_lEvdVE2pet4AdWSb1aLq719-Gr-fMFhQAdnAv-wfu2wENc0SRA8pMv_G6dHLq7NkV3IASt4wRJfuqco157ELUQlB8L0m6SHRRdDlEqTp8D8LOgaSrWGCKtTI/s320/Forteresse_Coca_008.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Attribution: Harmonia Amanda, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr" target="_blank">License</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Name: </b></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Castle of Coca</b></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Country: Spain</b></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Community of Castile and Leon</b></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Province: Segovia</b></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Style: </b></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Gothic and Mudéjar </b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Material: Brick </b></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
Start of construction:</b></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> 1453</b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Condition: opened to the public</b></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Website: </b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>
</b></span><b><span style="font-size: small;">www.castillodecoca.com</span></b>
</div>
<b></b></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Castle of Coca was built in the 15th century
with the help of the powerful Archbishop of Seville Alonso de Fonseca I, who in
1453 received permission to King Henry IV of Castile on the construction of the
castle. He appointed a successor Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo, who built the
castle between 1473 and 1493 and made a stately home, where he gave a big celebration. In
these celebrations attended various celebrities, including French Cardinal Jean
Jouffroy, who came to Castile to propose marriage between the Infanta Isabella
(which prevailed at the time) and the Duke of Guyenne Berry, brother of Louis
XI of France. Beatriz de Bobadilla, Marchioness Moya, also visited the castle. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 1504 it became the property of Antonio de
Fonseca, who expanded the defensive elements of the castle. It helped to repel
the attack Marquis de Cenete, who tried to capture his bride Marie de Fonseca.
In 1521, the castle was attacked by forces comuneros in retaliation for the
burning of Medina del Campo. They could not get to the castle, but they
destroyed the fortress Alaejos.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the 17th century, was imprisoned in the
castle of Gaspar Perez de Guzman, Duke of Medina Sidonia, who was convicted on
charges of proclaiming himself King of Andalusia. December 2, 1808 the city was taken by Napoleon's troops. Small garrison of the castle of 25 people could not oppose the army and artillery. Many residents fled to the forests. The castle was partially destroyed and finally abandoned by the French army only in 1812.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikqHzT5vx_HofuPlZ6Q2OAgIbSVczCAehxilyNpJLm4fm6vPzh0f8GIhWvhkDdmiZ8-arVez1qi-a1D-TWjd5CYaMif_wu6sY4WKSg0gK9NPktPCimnI_3hMAGoXD4CVF3D3yBIwsnlnU/s1600/Castillo_de_Coca_(Segovia).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikqHzT5vx_HofuPlZ6Q2OAgIbSVczCAehxilyNpJLm4fm6vPzh0f8GIhWvhkDdmiZ8-arVez1qi-a1D-TWjd5CYaMif_wu6sY4WKSg0gK9NPktPCimnI_3hMAGoXD4CVF3D3yBIwsnlnU/s400/Castillo_de_Coca_(Segovia).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Attribution: Elixa22, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/es/deed.en" target="_blank">License</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the 20th century. Alba </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">House</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b>passed the castle as a gift to the State on the condition that its full recovery. In
1931, Castle of Coca was declared a National Historic Site. In 1954 it was transferred
to the Ministry of Agriculture for 100 years without a single day. From 1956 to
1958, the castle was renovated and now serves as a training center for
foresters. Their school is situated in the inner bailey. In 1994, was the scene
of one of the main arenas of television contest called "Night of the castles".</span></div>
</div>
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<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> In the preparation of this article, were partially used materials of websites: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a>, <a href="http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/4099413/post143832642/">www.liveinternet.ru/users/4099413/post143832642/</a>, <a href="http://www.castillodecoca.com/">www.castillodecoca.com</a> and <a href="http://www.castles.nl/">www.castles.nl</a>.</span></div>
<br />
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<!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter -->AAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14093995994065074721noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521552040112637860.post-18170188884745388452012-09-06T10:34:00.000-07:002013-02-13T12:14:40.819-08:00Muiden Castle<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muiden Castle, also known as Muiderslot, is one
of the better known castles in the Netherlands. It is located at the mouth of
the river Vecht, some 15 kilometers southeast of Amsterdam, in Muiden, where it
flows into what used to be the Zuiderzee. It is a relatively small castle,
measuring 32 by 35 metres with brick walls well over 1.5 metres thick. A large
moat surrounded the castle.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicMITcLp8sEAIlsbX1ZxzDf0KPBZMTBXojxrItcZiuQhusnTV6OvFMR06DeJMgWWNSUNuWLXHU-Rdlsf-CFIBLjnBLIO7Yt9vTUO-tT3bbWmo32BclXsomppo_-Gy9Q3k0UQIbDgJyoBw/s1600/796px-Muiderslot_by_Edi_Weissmann.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicMITcLp8sEAIlsbX1ZxzDf0KPBZMTBXojxrItcZiuQhusnTV6OvFMR06DeJMgWWNSUNuWLXHU-Rdlsf-CFIBLjnBLIO7Yt9vTUO-tT3bbWmo32BclXsomppo_-Gy9Q3k0UQIbDgJyoBw/s400/796px-Muiderslot_by_Edi_Weissmann.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Author Edi Weissmann from Amsterdam, Netherlands, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en" target="_blank">License</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Name: </b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Muiden Castle</b></span><b>
</b><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Country</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><b>: </b></span><b>Netherlands</b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Province</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><b>: </b></span><b>North Holland</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>City: Muiden</b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Type: Water castle</b></div>
<b>Material: Brick </b><b><br /></b><b>
</b><b>Start of construction:</b><b>1370</b><b>
</b><b>
</b><b> </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Condition: opened to the public</b><br />
<b>Website: </b><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">www.muiderslot.nl</span></span></b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMuiderslot_by_Edi_Weissmann.jpg" title="By Edi Weissmann from Amsterdam, Netherlands (Muiderslot Uploaded by Pieter Kuiper) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons"><br /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The history of the Muiderslot begins in 1280,
when Count Floris V of Holland built a stone castle on this site to control the
estuary of the river Vecht into the former Zuidersea. The River Vecht was the
trade route to Utrecht, one of the most important trade towns of that age. The
castle was used to collect a tribute on the traders. In 1296 Floris was
abducted by rebelling noblemen and was held prisoner in Muiden Castle. They
fled under the threat of a siege in the direction of Utrecht, taking Floris with
them. During their escape they murdered Floris with their swords. Taking into
account the death of Count Floris, and the fact that in the castle was not his
immediate successor (son of Count Floris was in England), the castle was
besieged by Willem van Mechelen, bishop of Utrecht. After seizing the castle he
destroyed it.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A hundred years later, in 1370, the castle was
rebuilt on the same spot based on the same plan, by Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria,
who at that time was also the Count of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Holland</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>and Zeeland.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghKq-kgu83csHN6iKMO3oB8-wodfAWTJzbDxjRmquk2CADTNTvq_PVBFfiAynqBEhymrKmiUX5owQAbQ2AbYTtfyZ6DssrQMr3KD4KZxeUomScLgAO2QM2s5TKWRnvmE85ZAe3kPkyFGw/s1600/800px-Muiderslot.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghKq-kgu83csHN6iKMO3oB8-wodfAWTJzbDxjRmquk2CADTNTvq_PVBFfiAynqBEhymrKmiUX5owQAbQ2AbYTtfyZ6DssrQMr3KD4KZxeUomScLgAO2QM2s5TKWRnvmE85ZAe3kPkyFGw/s400/800px-Muiderslot.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Attribution: Donar Reiskoffer,
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en" target="_blank">License</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of the most well-known inhabitants of the
castle was P.C. Hooft (1581-1647), a Dutch writer, poet and historian. He lived
here between 1609 and 1647 and performed the duties of sheriff and bailiff for
the area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During his occupation of the
castle he entertained a lot of famous friends there; all writers, scholars and
artists, like Hugo de Groot (who was later held prisoner in Loevestein Castle),
Constantijn Huygens and Joost van den Vondel. He and his company would later be
named after the castle; the Muider Circle. In the last part of the 17th century
the castle was incorporated into a new and enlarged earthwork fortress which
made the castle an important stronghold in the Old Holland Waterline and later
also in the New Holland Waterline (both lines of defensive works using water
throughout the western part of Holland).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the end of the 18th century, the castle was
first used as a prison, then the castle had fallen into decay and in 1825 plans
were made to demolish the castle and sell the stones. Only intervention by King
William I (after some protest) prevented this. This saved the castle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another 70 years went by until enough money
for restoring was gathered and in 1895 the castle was restored in its former
glory.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaQsZjA1lug9j6TaDg2e-QXTBFn-vV-cy3xR2XuMAN6nWXpkPTYC83_8T3X1M-kbrn8UFlHvyrBEoAd9Fr6wxKvJNv_LA_oLke-7QUFWbi7xcSLg08XDlLXuwoM9mN0Bf5owZor3SsCJI/s1600/800px-Muiderslot2006.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaQsZjA1lug9j6TaDg2e-QXTBFn-vV-cy3xR2XuMAN6nWXpkPTYC83_8T3X1M-kbrn8UFlHvyrBEoAd9Fr6wxKvJNv_LA_oLke-7QUFWbi7xcSLg08XDlLXuwoM9mN0Bf5owZor3SsCJI/s400/800px-Muiderslot2006.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From 1948 till 1972 the castle again underwent
restorations, removing some fantasized additions from the earlier restoration.
Muiden Castle is currently a national museum (Rijksmuseum). The insides of the
castle, its rooms and kitchens, have been restored. And today their interior is
furnished as it was in the 17th century. In the castles there are </span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">also</span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
collection of arms and armour.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMuiderslot2006.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" title="By ART (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons"><br /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">In the preparation of this article, were partially used materials of websites: www.wikipedia.org and http://www.castles.nl.</span>
</div>
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